Section 1
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Characteristics of oral solutions:
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Last updated
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Date created
Mar 1, 2020
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Section 1
(62 cards)
Characteristics of oral solutions:
stable, soluble drug substances can be formulated as solutions containing pharmaceutical ingredients such as flavors, colors, and preservatives
Characteristics of medicated syrups: (3)
1. syrup containing 1 or more therapeutic agents 2. water-soluble drug substances that are stable in aqueous solutions can be formulated as medicated syrups 3. always check compatibility (especially if syrup contains other flavorants/colorants)
What is aromatic water?
aqueous solution of a volatile/aromatic substance
What is a glycerin substitute?
propylene glycol
What are the 2 methods to prepare a syrup?
1. solution with heat 2. solution by agitation
What is a syrup?
aqueous solution containing high concentration of sugar
What is not present in concentrations high enough for preservation?
ethyl alcohol (ethanol)
Reconstituted by the pharmacist and reconstituted by the patient are what type of availability?
powders for solution
Disadvantages of oral solutions: (4)
1. not all drugs are stable in solution 2. not all drugs are soluble in a solvent fit for human consumption 3. subject to compliance, or patient administration errors 4. bad taste
Solvents for oral solutions: (4)
1. ethyl alcohol (ethanol) 2. glycerin (glycerol) 3. propylene glycol 4. water
Purified water must not contain more than what percentage of dissolved and undissolved solids?
0.001%
What is a fluid extract?
liquid preparation of a vegetable drug which contains alcohol as a preservative, solvent, or both
What is a spirit?
alcoholic or hydro-alcoholic solution of a volatile substance
How does a surfactant increase solubility?
allows water and oil-soluble active agents to be formulated in a single phase
What is viscous, sweet, and an effective wetting agent for some extemporaneously compounded preparations and also has some preservative qualities?
glycerin
How do oral solutions ease dosage adjustment?
you can use an oral syringe or other acceptable measuring devices
What do co-solvents do in oral solutions? (4)
1. decrease polarity 2. increase solubility of non-polar drugs 3. increase drug stability 4. little or no toxicity
Characteristics of powders or granules for oral solutions: (3)
1. unstable drug substances may be formulated as powders or granules for reconstitution 2. increased shelf-life 3. usually stable for 7-14 days (refrigerated) once reconstituted
What are 3 pharmaceutical ingredients?
1. co-solvents 2. buffers 3. preservatives
What other sugars can be in non-sucrose syrups?
dextrose (glucose) or sugar substitutes (sorbitol, glycerin, or propylene glycol)
What do most syrups contain as the sweetener because it gives both a sweet taste and high viscosity?
sucrose
What are examples of antimicrobial preservatives? (3)
1. benzoic acid 2. sodium benzoate 3. combo of methyl-, ethyl-, and propylparabens
What do buffers do in oral solutions? (2)
1. adjust pH for optimum stability or for increased solubility 2. decrease irritation
What is important for the formulation of an oral solution?
solubility and stability data for the drug substance and pharmaceutical ingredients (excipients) in the solvent or solvents
What is the most often used pharmaceutical solvent?
water
How much sucrose is syrup, NF?
85% sucrose (w/v)
What are oral solutions?
liquid preparations that contain 1 or more chemical substance dissolved in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents
Syrups usually contain: (4) + (3) other optional
1. purified water 2. sugar or sugar substitute 3. antimicrobial preservatives 4. flavorants and colorants may also contain other solvents, stabilizers, and/or thickeners
What is a way to facilitate dissolution?
dissolve solid components in purified water prior to adding to the syrup
What is the most common availability of oral solutions?
pre-manufactured solutions
Why is glycerin usually slowly soluble?
due to high viscosity (unless heated)
What may be added to artificially sweetened vehicles to increase viscosity for use in diabetic patients?
thickening agents
What is another name for sucrose syrup?
simple syrup
what is an elixir?
sweetened hydro-alcoholic solution
How does co-solvency increase solubility?
Increases hydrophobic characteristics of solvent in an aqueous solution through addition of a non-poplar substances
Characteristics of non-medicated or flavored syrups: (2)
1. concentrated, aqueous vehicle containing a sugar or sugar-substitute 2. vehicles for medicated substances to be added during compounding
Solubility can be increased by: (3)
1. chemical modification 2. co-solvency 3. use of a surfactant, which has hydrophilic-lipophilic character forming micelles of colloidal dimension
Advantages of oral solutions: (4)
1. ease of administration 2. ease of dosage adjustment 3. optimum bioavailability 4. increased feasibility with bulk powders
What is used to preserve the "free water" portion of syrups?
antimicrobial preservatives
Why are excipients put in oral solutions?
color, sweetness, flavor, and as buffers and preservatives
Classification of oral solutions by their composition: (6)
1. syrup 2. elixir 3. spirit 4. tincture 5. aromatic water 6. fluid extract
Why do syrup, NF NOT require a preservative?
because it is so concentrated that there is not enough "free water" available to support microbial growth
What are the ways oral solutions are available? (3)
1. pre-manufactured solutions 2. prepared (compounded) by the pharmacist 3. powder for solution
When is the solution by agitation syrup preparation method used?
when heat-sensitive or volatile components or to avoid inversion, heat should be avoided and agitation alone should be used
How do oral solutions do optimum bioavailability?
dissolution step is bypassed; usually fastest and greatest extent of absorption
Why are flavorants and colorants used?
to add the appeal of the syrup
How does the solution with heat syrup preparation method work?
application of heat will facilitate the preparation of syrups that otherwise require a substantial amount of time for dissolution because of their viscosity
What is a tincture?
alcoholic or hydro-alcoholic solution prepared from vegetable material or a chemical substance
Rate of solution can be increased by: (3)
1. increased temperature 2. increased agitation 3. reduced particle size
What are 2 types of preservatives?
1. antimicrobials 2. antioxidants
Section 2
(18 cards)