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AP US History Period 6

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Section 1

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Standard Oil

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Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (42)

Section 1

(42 cards)

Standard Oil

Front

John D. Rockefeller's company that gained a monopoly over the world petroleum market with the practice of trusts and swift elimination of competition.

Back

New South

Front

After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. In reality, this growth was fairly slow.

Back

The Gilded Age

Front

Late 19th century, from 1870s to 1900. Term came from writer Mark Twain's 1873 The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today, showed era of serious social problems hidden by thin gilding of economic boom.

Back

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Front

Legalized racial segregation in publicly owned facilities on basis of "separate but equal."

Back

racial segregation

Front

Separation of humans into ethnic or racial groups in daily life. Generally applies to activities such as eating in restaurant, drinking from water fountain, using public toilet, attending school, going to the movies, riding on a bus, or in the rental or purchase of a home.

Back

assimilation

Front

Process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group

Back

Americanization

Front

Process of assimilating immigrants into American culture by teaching English, American history, and citizenship.

Back

Chinese Exclusion Act

Front

First law limiting immigration based on race; effectively stopped immigration from China through the end of WWII.

Back

tenement

Front

Multi-dwelling building, often poor or overcrowded

Back

Horizontal Integration

Front

Strategy to maximize profits by attempting to purchase competing companies in the same industry; monopoly-building (ex. Rockefeller's Standard Oil)

Back

transcontinental railroads

Front

a railroad that would cross the continent and connect the East to the West; opened new markets and helped spur the Industrial Revolution

Back

Urbanization

Front

movement of people from rural communities and settlements to big cities

Back

Knights of Labor

Front

American labor organization in the 1880s led by Terence V. Powderly. Organized a wide range of workers, including skilled and unskilled, and had broad reform goals.

Back

trust

Front

Set of companies managed by a small group called trustees, who can prevent companies in trust from competing with each other.

Back

anarchist

Front

One who believes that formal, coercive government is wrong in principle

Back

Jane Addams

Front

Pioneer American settlement activist/reformer, social worker, philosopher, author, sociologist, women's suffrage /world peace leader. Created Hull House. Co-winner 1931 Nobel Peace Prize.

Back

Social Darwinism

Front

Term coined in late 1800s: described idea that humans, like animals and plants, compete in a struggle for existence in which natural selection results in "survival of the fittest." Justified enormous wealth/power of industrialists in second half of 19th century.

Back

Grange Movement and Farmers Alliance

Front

Grassroots movements that attempted to address the plight of farmers in the late 1800s; attempted to regulate railroads and enlarge opportunity for credit; evolved into Populist movement.

Back

Carnegie Steel

Front

A steel producing company created by Andrew Carnegie to manage business at his steel mills in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area in the late 19th century. Significance: had a monopoly in the steel industry. vertical integrations.

Back

Industrial Revolution

Front

Period characterized by the rapid social and economic changes in manufacturing and agriculture that occurred in England during the late 18th century and rapidly diffused to other parts of the developed world. In the US, this occurred during the period roughly 1825-1925.

Back

Open Range

Front

Idea of grazing cattle on large tracts of public and/or private property; invention of barbed wire ended open range, drove many small ranches out of business and off their small plots of land

Back

Political Machine

Front

Unofficial political organization that works to win elections in order to exercise power; sometimes referred to as a shadow government; rose to power in the late 1800s because of ill-equipped local governments that failed to meet the needs of growing urban populations

Back

Haymarket Riot

Front

Labor dispute in Chicago that ended with a bomb being thrown at police resulting in many deaths. Led to an unfavorable public opinion of organized labor.

Back

Gospel of Wealth

Front

An essay written by Andrew Carnegie in June of 1889 that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich.

Back

John D. Rockefeller

Front

Wealthy owner of Standard Oil Company. Considered to be a robber baron who used ruthless tactics to eliminate other businesses. Built trusts and used money to influence government.

Back

American Federation of Labor

Front

An organization of various trade unions that fought for specific reforms (as opposed to broad changes supported by the Knights of Labor).

Back

"New Immigrants"

Front

immigrants from southern and eastern Europe such as Poland, Italy, etc. that arrived in the US in the latter half of the 19th century

Back

lobbyist

Front

One who promotes interest or cause to political body, often for pay

Back

Vertical Integration

Front

Strategy to maximize profits by attempting to own every step of the manufacturing process (ex. Carnegie Steel)

Back

Andrew Carnegie

Front

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

Back

Social Gospel

Front

Late 19th-century movement Protestant movement preaching that all true Christians should be concerned with the plight of immigrants and other poor residents of American cities and should financially support efforts to improve lives of these poor urban dwellers. Settlement houses were often financed by funds raised by ministers of this movement.

Back

Tammany Hall

Front

Political machine of New York City that was well-known for its corruption; lead by William Boss Tweed

Back

Land Grants

Front

Land given by govt to universities, RR companies

Back

Homestead and Pullman Strikes

Front

Industrial lockouts and strikes that showed battle between corporations and labor unions. Ended with government intervention on the side of big business.

Back

People's (Populist) Party

Front

An agrarian-populist political party in the United States. For a few years, 1892-96, it played a major role as a left-wing force in American politics. Drew support from angry farmers in the West and South and operated on the left-wing of American politics. Highly critical of capitalism, especially banks and railroads. Allied itself with the labor movement.

Back

Dawes Act

Front

Land given to individual Indian families to end tribal mindset; encouraged Indians to farm for a living instead of communally owning land

Back

middle class

Front

a social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers

Back

William Jennings Bryan

Front

Democratic presidential hopeful that was a member of the Populist Party; free silver advocate; "Do not crucify mankind on a cross of gold".

Back

Prohibition

Front

Forbidding by law liquor manufacture, sale, or use

Back

socialist

Front

One who believes in ownership/control of major means of production by whole community rather than by individuals or corporations

Back

Plessy v. Ferguson

Front

1896 - Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on basis of "separate but equal."

Back

radical

Front

One who wants fundamental change in a political, economic, or social system

Back