PAD 3003 Midterm Questions, PAD3003 Midterm FSU, PAD 3003 Midterm FSU, PAD 3003 FSU exam 1, PAD-3003 Mid Term, PAD3003 Midterm FSU, PAD3003 FSU MIDTERM, PAD3003 Midterm, PAD3003 Exam Rev, PAD 3003 FSU MIDTERM REVIEW
Section 1
Preview this deck
true
Front
| 5 | 0 | ||
| 4 | 0 | ||
| 3 | 0 | ||
| 2 | 0 | ||
| 1 | 0 |
Active users
0
All-time users
1
Favorites
0
Last updated
5 years ago
Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (740)
Section 1
(50 cards)
true
One characteristic of a bureaucracy is its top-down structure of authority.
True
Public management is mainly concerned with functions that take place within organizations and how to control and steer organizations.
False?
The bureaucracy is often applauded for many of the greatest achievements in society.
False
The bureaucracy has flexibility in executing the law and policy.
True
Breaking down large government departments is an element of participatory democracy in urban government.
True?
The bureaucracy is the administrative arm of the United States government.
True
Cabinet-level executive departments are headed by a secretary appointed by Congress.
False
A challenge faced by only private administrators is that they must pursue broad goals set by others and their efforts will be evaluated by outside forces.
False
The government gets its authority from the traditions of the country.
False
T/F: The level of government most involved with the provision ( to provide) of essential public services is the state level.
False
Pluralism is centered on the belief that individuals should NOT WORK to benefit the broad interest of a group.
False
Most PUBLIC agencies employ thousands of people.
True
The phenomenon of administrative discretion (when lower ranking executives are able to personally affect the implementation of law) arises from a lack of centralized authority.
True
Public Administration involves organizations associated with the execution of the law.
False
T/F: The size of the federal government significantly decreased during the administration of George W. Bush (2001-2009).
True
The New Deal expanded the role of government.
True
T/F: Bureaucrats are often thought to be "scapegoats" for societal problems.
False
Values are concerned with achieving an outcome and not concerned with the methods by which outcomes are reached.
False
T/F: Federal efforts to "reinvent government" ignored the role of public employees as frontline service providers.
True
The Securities and Exchange Commission and the Federal Reserve Board are examples of regulatory boards.
True
Legislatures set the agenda for public organizations.
False
Today, in the United States, political participation in voting is limited by wealth, social status, and race.
False
T/F: Public management has virtually nothing in common with private management.
False
T/F: Bureaucratic structures at the local level are generally more prevalent and sophisticated than those at the national level.
True
T/F: The larger a unit of local government, the more likely it is that its bureaucracy will resemble state and national administrative agencies.
True
Participatory democracy features citizens involved in governmental decision-making.
True
The White House Office and the Council of Economic Advisers are part of the Executive Office of the President.
False
The politics surrounding structural rearrangements within public agencies tend to be very low profile and neutral.
true
T/F: Public employees can be categorized as either "generalists" or "specialists" and also as either "political" or "merit" employees.
False
The bureaucracy is often perceived as managing resources efficiently.
True
T/F: Charles Goodsell maintains that America's public bureaucracies perform quite well in comparison with bureaucracies elsewhere, whether measured by objective standards or in terms of overall citizen satisfaction.
True
Before the turn of the twentieth century, politics and administration were seen as separate and efforts to maintain this politics-administration dichotomy continue to this day.
False
Electronic government was originally designed to make citizens more dependent on bureaucratic agencies.
True
Although public trust in government increased slightly during the 1990s, it is still below the levels of previous decades.
False
Social-demographic changes in economic activity, population, technology, and the workforce have had little affect on public administration.
False
Modem bureaucracy has undergone so many changes that all influences from the past have been lost.
True
In a capitalist system, the means of production are owned by private citizens.
False
In the private sector, goods and services are provided based on a collective interest.
False
When there are catastrophic events, the bureaucracy tends to shrink in its budget and capacity.
True
Public organizations are ultimately evaluated by external parties, while private managers may evaluate their organizations.
False
Most Americans are NOT affected by the actions and decisions of public administrators on a regular basis.
True
T/F: Variations in the public's faith in the president are associated with more general feelings of confidence in government.
True
Bureaucratic representativeness deals less with votes in the political process and more with inclusiveness of interests in the decision-making process.
False
The entrepreneurial government emphasizes fairness, equality, and American ideals of liberty with little emphasis on performance measurement.
True
. Sunshine laws allow the public to have access to government activities.
True
A problem for citizen participation involves government including minority groups for symbolic purposes rather than for purposeful and meaningful solutions.
False
T/F: "Clientelism," as a distinct political pattern, did not emerge in bureaucratic politics until after World War II.
true
In a bureaucracy, different departments handle specific functions.
False
T/F: The study of public administration is limited to government employees.
True
Accountability, representation, and citizenship can be characterized as political values.
Section 2
(50 cards)
True
Federalism is the division of governmental power between a central or national government and regional (or state) governmental units.
True
The U.S. government, which relies primarily on inelastic sources of revenue such as income taxes, is the least efficient at generating revenue, while at the same time it is the level of government most relied upon to deliver costly social services.
True
The supremacy doctrine states that when laws passed by a lower level of government conflict with those at a higher level of government, then the lower law is null and void.
Fredrick Taylor's one best way
scientific management - least amount of inputs with the most amount of efficiency
False
Under a dual federalism model, the functions of national and state governments are intertwined.
bureaucracies
are machine-like structures with efficiency at heart
B
Which of the following is not part of the open-systems approach to organization theory? a. Organizations respond to pressures from the environment. b. Outcomes of organizational actions are predictable. c. Organizations tend toward differentiation and elaboration. d. Organizations seek equilibrium.
Herbert Simon critiqued Gulick and Ehrlich because
their methods weren't truly scientific
True
In the picket-fence analogy, money and authority run vertically along programs from upper to lower levels of government agencies, while the legislative and executive branches of government, the horizontal slats, can do little to support or affect the vertical slats, or programs.
False
Formula grants provide the most administrative discretion, and state and local governments must apply to receive this form of grant-in-aid.
Mazlow's hierarchy of needs
Follet said this would unify and motivate employees and this was important for effective leadership
B
In the area of individual privacy, state governments have shown the greatest interest in enacting a. Freedom of Information laws. b. fair credit-reporting acts. c. privacy acts. d. sunshine laws.
Organizational culture
shared notions that unite an organization
true?
Intergovernmental relations are characterized by mostly informal, continuous contacts between officials at different levels of government who share or exchange information and views or agree on the terms of sharing of jurisdiction.
B
E7. Elections are one example of what type of check and balance? a. Administrative efficiency b. Community control c. Freedom of information d. Political accountability e. None of the above
False
Administration of grant-in-aid programs remain predominantly in the hands of the federal government.
True
Bureaucracies can gain political support by taking certain actions such as being responsiveness to request for information by elected officials.
True
Some of the limitations of bureaucratic responsiveness include agencies being unable to respond equally to the public.
D
The concept of self-actualization is associated with a. Kurt Lewin. b. Elton Mayo. c. Chester Barnard, d. Abraham Maslow
C
All of the following are part of Weber's model of bureaucracy except a. formal rules and procedures. b. hierarchy. c. narrow span of control. d. maintenance of files and records.
B
Which of the following values did the framers of the Constitution seem to emphasize most? a. Achieving efficient government performance b.Preventing concentrations of political power c. Relying on chief executives to resolve conflicts d. Distrust of the political process
True
In the United States, the national and state governments have both independent and shared powers over their citizens, but the national and state governments do not owe their existences to each other.
17 million people
made up the workface
A
Which of the following is NOT true of informal channels of communication within organizations? a. They always follow proper organizational channels to their intended recipients. b. They may originate with individuals not acting officially. c. Senders of such communications often try to avoid going through formal hierarchical (or other) channels. d. They are not "building blocks" to articulate official purposes, strategies, and tactics.
D
Efforts to "reinvent government" have emphasized all of the following except a. cutting "red tape". b. putting customers first. c. empowering employees to achieve results. d. increased regulation.
True
Since the early 1800s, the courts in the United States have acted as "umpires" by defining the acceptable boundaries of intergovernmental relations.
A
Organizational centralization promotes all of the following phenomena except a. greater participation by external clienteles in decision making processes. b. managerial control over organization activities. c. internal program consistency. d. accountability for organization actions
True?
A study published in October 1993 claimed that 25 percent of all local government budgets were needed to meet federal regulatory standards.
A
The Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 addressed a. comprehensive health care and student loan reform. b. stricter guidelines for doctors and teachers. c. requirements for schools to cover on-site injuries. d. all of the above. e. none of the above.
Scottish Enlightenment impacted Washington to
enhance the well-being of future citizens by creating a liberal education to show what the government can do for the people
C
Which of the following is distinctly a legislative tool for increasing bureaucratic accountability? a. Freedom of Information laws b. Sunshine laws c. Sunset laws d. All of the above.
B
The following are all obstacles to effective coordination except a. conflicting priorities among program managers. b. strong, effective leadership of collaborating entities. c. differing perceptions of program goals. d. unequal fiscal capabilities.
what do political parties do
maintain harmony
B
The idea that the public trusts that their interests will be faithfully served by the actions of their representatives is called a. the Delegate Role. b. the Trustee Role. c. none of the above.
False
Intergovernmental relations (IGRs) have existed in the United States only since the early 1930s.
harmony
Dichotomy needs to be subservient to maintain
False
The more the law is interpreted by the bureaucracy as it carries out the law, the more likely government's decisions will be representative of the people.
False
The Bush administration eliminated many grant-in-aid programs but increased grant-in-aid spending, whereas the Clinton administration promoted reductions in grant-in-aid spending.
B
The theory of pluralism assumes that a. groups have equal power in the political process. b. the public interest results from bargaining and competition. c. individual interests are subordinate to group concerns. d. groups are a necessary evil in politics.
theory that politics and administration are different
wilson's 1887 politics administration dichotomy
A
A modern theory of organization that emphasizes interpersonal trust, participation, subtlety, and intimacy among supervisors and subordinates is a. Theory Z. b. Theory X. c. management according to task. d. open-systems theory.
D
Political Scientist Francis Rourke suggests that the influence of experts rests on. a. increasing control by experts of bureaucratic discretion. b. a pattern of increasing reliance on bureaucratic experts for technical advice. c. a monopoly of information in the subject area. d. all of the above. e. A and C only.
D
Two major approaches to representation are a. trustee role and legislator role. b. delegate role and administrator role. c. democratic and bureaucratic. d. delegate role and trustee role.
True
Bureaucracies can be influential because of their technical expertise and may even have a monopoly on information.
B
Which of the following is part of both Weber's and Taylor's theories of organization? a. Emphasis on productivity, rationality, and profit b. Assumption of a vertical "chain of command" c. Finding the "one best way" to perform a task d. A concern with the professionalism of employees
Gulick and Ehrlich's discussed principles of managementdivision of work and communication
division of work and communication
true?
Executives may find it hard to deal with the institutional strength of bureaucracies due to strong intergovernmental administrative relations between different levels of bureaucracies.
False
T/F: The iron triangle is the concept of the relationship between 1) the President and centralized bureaucracies, 2) Congress with its committees and subcommittees and 3) the private sector, consisting of interest groups, corporations, and individual private citizens.
C
Which of the following groups believes in the dichotomy between politics and administration? a. The Framers of the Constitution b. Labor union officials c. Reformers in the late 1800s d. Supporters of affirmative action
true?
The federal government has the greatest tax resources but delivers the fewest direct services.
Section 3
(50 cards)
The calling to public service is at the heart of PAD and is based upon __________
duty, or intense inner commitment (Gawthrop)
how does gov. help nonprofits?
special tax status as 501 (c)(3) so they don't pay federal income tax and grant funding
how does gov. serve others?
research (national institutes of health) and aid (USAID)
Wilson on the politics-admin dichotomy
politics is special province of the statesman and administration of the technical official
Government
Unique power to tax at all levels
the CIA outsourced activities to other countries notably ____ , ____
egypt and italy
Citizenship theory
your social obligations as a citizen such as voting
PSM
Public service motivation; individual's predisposition to respond to motives grounded primarily or uniquely in public institutions and organizations
Herbert Simon said it isn't rationality because
you don't know literally everything
Wilson's take on PAD
administration is the "action of gov."; the most visible side of gov; the executive and the operative
Public-ness
extent to which the organization is influenced by political authority
Private-ness
extent to which the organization is controlled by the market
Mary Mallen is
typhoid Mary- quarantined for 23 years because wouldn't stop cooking
why did wilson write the study of administration
to separate politics from administration
administrative evil
when something is ethically correct but morally wrong (ex: the holocaust)
Rational model
cost benefit analysis, you make the decision that gives you the most benefit with the least cost
Participatory model
annoyingly try to get everyone's consensus and might even vote
regime value, citizenship theory, social equity, public interest
what are the 4 normative foundations for public administration ethics
Woodrow Wilson
governor of NJ U.s President from Virginia
what is the most important element of an organization
its people
Invisible part of PA
Nonprofits
50-85% of budget
pay for employee benefits
GDP
total amount of money spent on producing goods and services
Social equity
came in the 70's and it views the principle of justice as crucial in ethics
33%-50%
of budgeted activities at the state level are for federal activities to be carried out at the state level (medicare, medicaid, job training),
Moores critique of public administration
the way we used to manage the public sector was bad because it left no room for innovation and led to a lack of responsibility
PSM is what three things?
rational, norm based, and effective
External goods
everyone contributes to the outside world (fixing people who are not in the medical field)
Groupthink
power and cohesiveness within a group
Organizational Economic Theory
Attempts to ensure that worker interests are consistent with organizational interests, personified by the organizational leader's interests.
old school view/traditional doctrine
one must follow the rules and no imagination or opinions were allowed or valid in a work place
Public servants are people who....
achieve internal satisfaction by making a contribution to society
abraham maslow's a theory of human motivation
self actualization, esteem needs, belongingness and love, safety needs, psychological needs
according to Goodwill, politics is the _____ while public administration is the _____ of that
will/execution
Niccolo Machiavelli
- wrote the book "the prince" that recommends how rulers can maintain and gain power - better to be feared than to be loved- the ends justify the means philosophy
Kaci Hickox
A nurse who returned from West Africa was quarantined by gov christie after a doctor had tested positive for ebola and said she clearly had symptoms she was quarantined for 21 days after having tested negative twice
How does Wilson suggest we study PAD?
1. look at history of other countries 2. ascertain subject matter (americanize) 3. determine best methods to develop
Typhoid Mary
a cook who was quarantined for spreading Typhoid and was then released if she agreed to stop cooking but continued to cook and was then quarantined on an island for 23 years with her dog where she died alone
Why is it called public admin and not gov. admin?
involvement of nonprofit sector
Implicit favorite model
subconsciously you identify the way you want the decision to go and you rationalize it so everyone else will like it too
1.5% of total spending
is given toward employee training
Regime values
ethics that ought to be stemmed in
KSA
Knowledge Skills and Ability (human capital and targets for training)
Pendleton Act 1883
move from spoils system (recruitment based on political affiliation) to merit system (recruitment based on performance and qualifications)
Practice
specific to what they do and what they do only (this is different from a profession)
Administrative model
decisions determined in order until you find one you like and stop
Internal goods
what you can get out only by working in the practice; everyone contributes in the practice (research in the medical field)
Elite model
few people at the top make the decisions
Virtue
what we take away from that practice
MacIntyre's 4 characteristics of a practice
1. practice 2. virtue 3. internal goods 4. external goods
Section 4
(50 cards)
Dorman Eaton
Chair of first Civil Service commission; drafted the Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883
Classic school
focused on efficiency and productivity
trait theory
leaders are born; they have innate characteristics that make them leaders
Mary Park Follet
(nc) criticized scientific management for not accounting for human element
productive HR management is what kind of system?
open system, connecting internal and external environments (cooper)
characteristics of organizational culture
collective in nature, repository of what its members agree about, uniqueness
types of leadership power
legitimate, reward, coercive, informational, expert, referent
Maslow
(nc) hierarchy of needs; self actualization is at top and food and water at bottom
Neo-classic school of PAD
criticizes classic school; takes human factors into account
organizational culture
shared pattern of beliefs, assumptions, and expectations held by organizational members
Civil Service Reform
-Took place after the civil war, but roots in the founding age -Problems from spoils system -Dorman Eaton's reform efforts -Tenure -Merrit system -Future challenge of civil service
Henri Fayol
(c) similar to Gulick; 14 principles of management
Followship
people's willingness to follow
Minnowbrook Conference
focused on relevance, value, equity, and change
Urwick
(c) similar to Gulick; 10 principles
Herzberg (nc) dissatisfiers
company policy and admin, supervision, working conditions, interpersonal relations, salary, status, job security
system theory
inputs, outputs, and feedback mechanism
Dr Mary Ellen Guy
develop each worker's desire and ability to be maximally productive in order to make productivity gains
objective org. culture
artifacts created by org. ex. open office configuration
Max Weber
(c) developed ideal type of organizational structure
Hawthorne
(nc) people began to understand workers have motivations beyond money
leader matching
a leader aligns style to particular situation, or if someone is good fit for certain leader styles
principal agent theory
conflict of interest, information asymmetry are issues; monetary inventive and oversight are used to make agent accountable
How does Holtzer say we recruit the best and brightest?
1. advocacy/education on public service 2. competitive salaries 3. employee discretion: flexibility, feel trusted, commitment 4. other agency resources: learning and training, insurance, paid leave
transformation leadership
charismatic, role models, inspire with high expectations, creative, innovative, encourage subordinates to be the same way
Luther Gulick
(c) headed committee on admin management or the Brownlow Commission to bring principles of management to public sector organizations
Social equity
each person is equal and has inalienable rights; everyone gets what they need vs. everyone getting the same (equality)
what changed at Minnowbrook?
equity becomes third pillar of PAD (Frederickson) and it marked beginning of New Public Administration
least preferred coworker
Fiedler; survey to determine if leader is more relationship or task oriented
on the job methods for employee development
delegation, coaching, special assignments, job rotation, understudy
structural theory of organization
mechanistic systems: stable environment organic: changing environment
Frederick Taylor
(c) father of scientific management movement, focused on standardized, empirical, specialized and efficient
Productive HR management does what?
balances worker's needs and organization's goals
POSDCORB
Gulick; planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting, budgeting
Robert Merton
(nc) criticizes Weber's bureaucracy model for secrecy (not transparent and no citizen participation), trained incapacity (too rigid, can't adapt), and groupthink
situational leadership
leader must adapt his or her approach to situations; need to match leadership behaviors with performance needs of individual groups
fact value dichotomy
use only facts to replace proverbs of administration
contingency leadership
some leaders are better suited for certain situations
skills theory
individual's skills and abilities determine how they fit in leadership roles
subjective organizational culture
shared patterns of beliefs, assumptions, and expectations held by organizations ex. organizational heroes, myths and stories, rituals
Herzberg (nc) satisfiers
achievement, recognition, work itself, responsibility, advancement, growth
productive HR management must:
rely on technology, reflect demographics of society (value), work across department boundaries (cooperative working environment), upper management determines how resources are viewed (leadership), improvement requires a commitment from all employees, and organized culture dictates how employees are treated
Goodnow on politics-admin dichotomy
instead of 3 branches of gov., gov. function is broken into the expression of the state's will (politics) and the execution of the state's will (administration)
Performance assessment
improves performance, identifies strengths and weaknesses, makes people aware if they are not fulfilling job requirements, and relies on sincerity between manager and employee
what does delegation do?
reduce time consuming tasks from leaders, promotes trust, allows observation and measurement of performance, promotion, innovative ideas, and clear and precise communication, efficiency
Herbert Simon
(nc) "principles are proverbs, not grounded in scientific research"; fact value dichotomy
Mintzebrg
5 fundamental parts of organization: operating core, strategic apex, middle line, technostructure, support staff
Selznick
(nc) focuses on formal/informal organizations and states that informal could resist the formal
McGregor
(nc) Theory X: treating people like children Theory Y: treating people like mature adults
Max Weber's org. criteria
jurisdictional boundaries, hierarchy, reliance on written documents, expertly trained managers, uniform rules, and formalization
Section 5
(50 cards)
Social Equity
-Derived from John Rawls' A theory of Justice (1971) as well as the new public administration (NPA) movement in the late 1960s and 1970s -Suggests that justice is the central organizing principle of government -Advocated that government should actively address social equity issues such as discrimination and unequal access to policymaking
Individualism - growing?
-"A philosophy emphasizing in matters economic the values and interests of the individual" -"Selfishness in which one favors oneself and maybe a small set of family and friends" - Alexis de Tocqueville -Adam Smith's "invisible hand"; free markets maximize efficiency as well as freedom -Jeremy Bentham's "utilitarianism"; greatest good for the greatest amount; sometimes works/conflicts with economic individualism
When should we treat people equally, and when should we treat them unequally?
-This changed with the social and environmental movements of the 1960s-1970s -Sometimes we need to treat people differently in order to achieve fairness; requires analyzing "same-versus-different" questions
Virtue and v. the public interest
-Virtue: this movement eschewed the rational analysis approach to ethical decision making and argued for greater emphasis on individual character and morals -The public interest involves questions concerning: are public administrators acting on the behalf of broad shared interests, or special, limited ones?
Scientific Management
-From rule-of-thumb methods to systematic, more scientific measuring individual work accomplishment -Scientifically selecting and developing workers to ensure their role -Cooperation between managers and workers -Logical divisions of work and responsibilities -Frederick Taylor "father of scientific management"
Frank Goodnow's dichotomy-- two functions of Government
-Politics -Administration -Legislature discharges administration through special acts; Executive discharges politics through veto power
Court Decisions limiting discretion
-Industrial union department AFL-CIO v. American Petroleum (1980): administrators need to establish "set standards" -Due process: -Goldberg v. Kelly (1970) -Matthews v. Eldridge (1976) -Londoner v. Denver (1908) -Bi-metallic investment company v. state board of equalization (1915) -Search and seizure protection -Torts
Bi-Metallic investment company v. State board of equalization (1915)
No hearing necessary when the policy decision affects all property owners
Philosophical Foundations
1. Human centered 2. Social and government institutions are a means to satisfying individual needs 3.The individual is of supreme value, not society, and all individuals are of equal moral value
The Iron Triangle
Congress: -Gives funding and political support to the Bureaucracy -Gives friendly legislation and oversight to the interest group -Gets electoral support from the interest group -Gets policy choices and execution from the Bureaucracy Interest Group: -Gives electoral suport to congress -Gives congressional support via lobby to the Bureaucracy -Gets friendly legislation and oversight from congress -Gets low regulation and special favors from the Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: -Gives low regulation and special favors to the interest group -Gives policy choices and execution to congress -Gets funding and political support from congress -Gets congressional support via lobby from interest groups
Different voices about dichotomy
-Ignored the realities of bureaucratic politics -From distributive to re-distributive -Attack on the over simplistic nature -Abbleby (1949): "government is politics" -Waldo (1984): PA research is grounded in political theory -Selznick (1949): TVA managers "co-opted" elected officials in implementation -Simon (1967): Wilson's notion is normative -The "politics school" argued that politics is a part of administration
Market Failure Theory
Prescribes the use of markets, not governments, unless the efficiency of markets has been undermined by a monopoly, poor information to consumers, the inability of producers to protect against free riders, etc.
Leonard White's textbook
-Administration is unitary process -The basis for study is management not law -Is an art, but transformance to a science -Administration is the heart of modern management
Mary Parker Follett
The giving of orders
Goldberg v. Kelly (1970)
Hearing necessary for the termination of welfare benefits
Elton Mayo
-Hawthorne experiment -Human relation school
How can organizations be designed to support ethical conduct?
-Milgram's experiments on obedience to authority, as well as Zimbardo's stanford prison experiment- rules, hierarchy, cultural norms affect organizational behavior; William Whyte's (1956) "organizational men" were extremely loyal and subservient to authority -NASA disasters, challenger (1986) and columbia (2003), illustrate how resource constraints, politics, scheduling and financial pressure, and lack of vision led to poor decisions -Perhaps institutions can be "designed" in order to promote ethical decision making
Finding virtue in the new governance era?
Look to "grass-roots publicness" -Citizen participation, social equity, social capital, cooperation, collaboration, etc. "Effective 'publics' have trust, make and enforce rules, build structures, practice reciprocity, and have cultures of ethical leadership" "Send the philosophers home" and embrace "vulgar ethics" - i.e. common or ordinary ethics -Put rules, regulations and red tape in place to keep bureaucrats from behaving badly
Max Weber's bureaucratic model
-Formal rules and regulations -Specialized roles -A hierarchal structure -Clear chain of command What are the consequences? -Centralized and hierarchal power -Power held in the hands of so few -Bureaucrats tend to follow authority blindly
Judicial Authorities
Apply the law in concrete cases where controversies arise owing to the failure of private individuals or public authorities to observe the rights of others
Market-based governance
-Market failure theory -Ex: sales of public assets to private parties; privatization and contracting out; policies based on vouchers and tax credits; creation of hybrid organizations such as government corporations; government management of contractors, etc.
What are the normative foundations?
Five alternatives: -Regime values, constitutional theory, and founding though -Citizenship theory -Social equity -Virtue or character-based ethics -The public interest
Administrative Authorities
Attend to the scientific, technical, and so to speak, commercial activities of the government
Mine fire in Centralia (1947)
Look up in powerpoint (week 3)
Publicness and public values
-Publicness: the degree of political authority constraints and endowments affecting the institution -Bozeman: "A society's public values are those providing the normative consensus about: 1. The rights, benefits, and prerogatives to which citizens should (and should not) be entitled 2. The obligations of citizens to society, the state, and one another 3. The principles on which governments should be based
Cooper's "big questions" of administrative ethics?
1. What are the normative foundations? Whose ethics should we adopt? 2. How do American administrative ethical norms fit into a global context? 3. How can organizations be designed to support ethical conduct? 4. When should we treat people equally in order to treat them fairly, and when should we treat them unequally?
How do American administrative ethical norms fit into a global context?
-Perhaps international treaties, pacts, agreements, conventions, etc. suggest that there is a global public ethic -Such values could be self-determination, freedom, honesty, trust, stability, transparency, market economies, open democracy, etc
Public Interest - declining?
Why? -Too ambiguous -Quantitative and behavioral approaches and the need for precise answers -Seems out of place with theories of interest groups that try to maximize competing interests -Societies and government succeed in rendering life less fearful -Barry Bozeman
"Searching for virtue in the public life"
-H. George Frederickson -Virtue is better understood in the public life -Virtue is to be found in "vulgar ethics" rather than abstraction -Virtue is to be found in the development of organizational rules, procedures, leadership, and culture, or "vulgar ethics"
Progressive Movement
-Main goals -Search for greater democratic participation by the individual -Application of science and specialized knowledge and skills -Main Strategies -Control corruption -"Hull house" by Jane Addams
Londoner v. Denver (1908)
Hearing necessary when property interests of an individual or a small group are subject to a tax
Administrative Discretion- Why? Lipsky (1980): "street-level bureaucrats"
-Include police officers, teachers, social workers, etc. -- basically any public administrator who regularly comes in direct contact with clients (citizens) -They make policy, provide public benefits, and keep order -Their discretionary power is needed for effective and efficient government
Matthews v. Eldridge (1976)
No hearing necessary for termination of disability benefits
Executive Authorities
Have the general supervision of the execution of the state will
Comparison
Public value and public interests - Public interest is an ideal, where as public values have specific, identifiable content (ideal vs. starting point) -Public Public values and public opinion -Public opinion is highly volatile, public values are more stable Public values and public goods -Public goods do not relate at all to the question of public values -Pricing efficiency
What are ethics?
-French and Granrose (1995) -"Normative guidelines resolving conflicts of interest to enhance societal well-being" -Thompson (1985) when affecting the well-being of other individuals and society -The rights and duties that individuals should respect -The conditions that collective practices and policies should satisfy
Administrative downsides
-Lowi (1979) argues against giving bureaucrats too much discretion as they become more difficult to control -How do we hold street-level bureaucrats accountable for their decisions? -How do we reduce goal ambiguity and ensure bureaucrats meet organizational aims?
Citizenship Theory
-The citizen's role in society provides the normative foundation -Public administration's role is derived from that of the citizen; public administrators work on behalf of the citizens -The importance of being responsive to citizens, encouraging their participation, being accountable to them, viewing them as the locus of ultimate administrative loyalty, respecting the dignity of the individual, fostering reasoned deliberation and encouraging civic virtue and concern for the common good
Politics
Has to do with policies or expressions of the state will
What is public life?
"Publicness" vs. "Government" -Special districts, pricate utilities, charter schools, quasi-governmental agencies, government corporations, etc. "privatizing" traditional governmental operations Today, there is a different form of "big government" -Known as third-party government, the hollow state, the shadow bureaucracy, the blended public workforce, etc. Public life today is "publicness" or degrees of what is public
William Willoughby's budgeting reform
-How budgets would advance and provide control -How budgets enhance legislative and executive cooperation -How budgets ensure efficiency
Woodrow Wilson
-1856-1924 "founder of public administration" -Not only personnel problems, but also on organization and management in general -Organizational efficiency and economy -Politics-administration dichotomy
Administration
-Has to do with the execution of these policies -Referred to executive and administrative authorities
Frank Goodnow's dichotomy-- three authorities
-Judicial authorities -Executive authorities -Administrative authorities
Bureaucracy
-Max Weber (1864-1920) -"idea type" 1. The principle of fixed and official jurisdictional areas ordered by rules, laws, and administrative regulations 2. The principle of office hierarchy 3. Administration based on written document 4. Division of labor 5. Full working capacity of the official in the official activity 6. The duty of following general rule in the office management
Administrative Discretion- Why? The Policy Cycle
-Harold Lasswell -Agenda setting: the recognition of a certain subject as a problem demanding further government attention -Policy Formulation: Exploring options or alternatives available for addressing the problem -Decision making: Deciding on a course of action, whether to perpetuate the policy status quo or after it -Implementation: Putting the decision into practice -Evaluation: Assessing the effectiveness of a policy in terms of its intentions and results
Searching for virtue
-The traditional public administration ethics canon: merit-based system, standardization, ethics rules, codes of professionalism, etc. -Did the canon work? -Yes, government was more ethical and professional by the 1970s than in the spoils era -But what was the price? -Slowed down, inflexible, government with excessive red tape; did little to reduce the worst parts of unethical behavior in government; just addressed the smaller matters
Regime values, constitutional theory, and founding thought
-Our values are found in the U.S. constitution and the court's interpretation of it -Main values include freedom, equality, and property -Implies that taking a job in government is an ethical decision; we expect government workers to uphold these values
Goodnow's dichotomy -- function of politics
-Harmony between expression and execution -Otherwise, political paralysis -Harmony required the independence of two functions -Executing authority should be subordinated to the expressing authority, which is more representative of the people -Legal separation of the bodies in the government -The party system
Formal rules and bureaucratic discretion--How?
Discretion -Can pretend they never receive the order -Simply delay -Hold up a policy chance on technical ground Whistleblowing -Enhancing our self-respect -Gaining and maintaing the esteem -Force responsible actions Resignation
Section 6
(50 cards)
Garbage Can Model
Assumption and Main Argument -John Kingdom (2003) claims that they decision making process is neither systematic not neatly defined within the context of politics; decision making in the public sector is chaotic Key points -Decision-making processes involves three separate, independent streams: problem, political, and policy -When the policy window opens, the separate streams emerge and a policy agenda has been proposed
Rational model
Assumption and main argument -Grounded in economic principles: scarcity of resources, perfect information, full knowledge of alternatives, and opportunity cost Some key points -Opportunity costs arise in all situations in which there are alternatives -Diminishing marginal returns: as you acquire additional units of anything, the added unity has decreasing value -Cost-benefit analysis (CBA): do the benefits outweigh the costs? expressed in ratio terms (benefits divided by costs); performed on an ex-ante or ex-post basis
Strategic Triangle
First, what was the important "public value" the organization sought to produce? Second, what "sources of legitimacy and support" would be relied upon to authorize the organization to take action and provide the resources necessary to sustain the effort to create that value? Third, what "operational capabilities" (including new investments and innovations) would the organization have to rely on (or have to develop) to deliver the desired results?
Creating a quality work environment
Creating a team mentality -Individuals do not work as individuals competing against each other -Work teams embrace a supportive philosophy for their members and can accomplish more than a group of individuals working independently Fostering labor-management cooperation -Tension will continue, but.... -Formation of partnerships, the sharing of previous success stories, and the support of upper management
Public Choice Theory
Assumption and Main Argument -Assumes that self-interest determines how decisions are made; bureaucrats will make decisions that minimize risks and maximize rewards Key points -This is related to William Niskanen's theory of budget maximization; bureaucrats will tend to increase budgets for power and prestige -Overall, these models tend to suggest for the need to privatize and contract out
Human Resource Elements
Traditional -Hiring the right workers to achieve an organization's goals and fulfill its mandate -Training and developing workers -Rewarding workers using monetary and non-monetary rewards Additional Concerns -Creating and maintaining a diverse workforce -Affording workers a measure of power in the workplace -Enabling workers to fulfill and balance both work and family responsibilities -Enabling workers to hold their managers accountable for merit principles -Taking into account different ways of motivating workers -Identifying ways of fostering a culture of cooperation and teamwork in the workplace Civil service depoliticized public service/employment with a "merit system"
Groupthink
-Groupthink maintains power and cohesiveness; loyalty is paramount and dissent undermines loyalty in such circumstances -Leads to poor decision making and lack of innovation Avoiding groupthink -Leader should avoid stating preferences, leader should designate a devil's advocate, outside experts can also serve as devil's advocate, leader should allow group members to vote anonymously, leader should create and foster a culture where debate, criticism, and creativity are encouraged
is the enterprise by which the government and their associated private partners serve the public purposes through the delivery of goods and services
Public administration*
General budgeting steps and federal budgeting process
-Preparation, approval, implementation, auditing (all of these are to ensure that public money is spent appropriately) -Federal budgeting process as an example
What is a consensus process?
-A consensus process is one in which all those who have a stake in the outcome aim to reach agreement on actions and outcomes that resolve or advance issues related to environmental, social, and economic sustainability -Consensus processes share one common feature; interaction among participants is face-to-face with the goal of arriving at mutually acceptable outcomes or decisions
Why do managers not delegate?
Managers may choose to not delegate tasks because: -Fear of mistakes, delegate him/herself out of a job, lose prestige, will not be able to check up on assignments, give up favorite parts of the job, subordinates will have too much work, does not know how or what to delegate, supervisor's boss will be annoyed, subordinates do not really want more work
Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883
Provided federal jobs based on merit through exams; made firing for political reasons unlawful; created the civil service commission
The Human Relations School
-The human relations school started in the 1920s with the hawthorne experiments and lasted until about the end of the 1950s -This movement placed emphasis on affective and socio-psychological aspects of human behavior in organizations -Generally suggested that social and psychological factors matter in organizations; and managers must be "human" -Maslow (1943) Hierarchy of needs (basic, safety, social, esteem, self-actualization)
When should a consensus process not be used?
-One reason for avoiding a consensus process is when one party simply wants to delay matters -The process should also be avoided when a party's sole motivation is to create an appearance of openness -Consensus may also be the wrong route for a party who feels there is a crucial principle at stake over which defeat would be preferable to any appearance of compromise -A consensus process should also be avoided if any parties believe their interests would be fully satisfied even without negotiations -Practical limitations can also make it unwise or at least untimely to establish a consensus process
Assessing employee performance
Assessment is a way of: -Identifying employee strengths and weaknesses on a continual basis -Providing performance feedback -Counseling employees -Identifying ways to improve performance
Employee Counseling
In private surroundings, never schedule a counseling when you are in a hurry, be direct, give an employee the opportunity to explain, keep an open mind, explore means that can overcome a performance shortcoming, Remain calm, refocus on what happened, why it happened, and what can be done, never take it as "discipline", do not speak in a punitive manner, thank the employee for seeing you
Contemporary organizational theories
Structural theory: assumes there is a "best structure" -Mechanistic structures work in stable environments, while organic structures are best for unstable, changing environments Systems Theory -Organizations consist of inputs, processes, outputs, and feedback mechanisms W. Edwards Deming's "Quality Circles": Small quality control groups; first implemented in Japanese firms to emphasize continued improvement
Participatory Model
Assumption and Main Argument -Diverse groups of individuals act in a consultative capacity Key points -Used when regulatory agencies rewrite rules -Model is predicated on useful information provided by interest groups to decision makers -Organizations have a tendency to be captured and be more inclined to underemphasize organizational values and goals and overemphasize those of client groups
is a cooperative process w/ many partners w/in & outside formal governments who interact to determine policies & their admin. The capacity of political community to describe what policies it shall pursue using powers & resources of the state.
Governance*
The 10 Principles
1. Purpose-driven -People need a reason to participate in the process 2. Inclusive, not exclusive -All parties with a significant interest in the issues should be involved in the consensus process 3. Voluntary participation -The parties who are affected or interested participate voluntarily 4. Self-design -The parties design the consensus process 5. Flexibility -Flexibility should be designed into the process 6. Equal opportunity -All parties have equal access to relevant info. and the opportunity to participate effectively throughout the process 7. Respect for diverse interests -Acceptance of the diverse values, interests, and knowledge of the parties involved in the consensus process is essential 8. Accountability -The participants are accountable both to their constituencies and to the process that they have agreed to establish 9. Time limits -Realistic deadlines are necessary throughout the process 10. Implementation -Commitments to implementation and effective monitoring are essential parts of any agreement
Conclusion
-Is there a bright line that emerges in this research, one that can suggest when external ethical stress has become too strong or overwhelming? -Fiscal stress should sensitize everyone Supervisors matter
Background about budgeting
-Budget and accounting act of 1921 gave the executive branch a role in the budget process -Office of management and budget (OMB) -Government accountability office (GAO)
The Neoclassical School (1920s-1950s)
-Herbert Simon (1946- the proverbs of administration) -Dwight Waldo (1948- value-free research undermines ethics and morality) -Robert Merton (1957- weberian bureaucracy conflicts with democracy and compromises administrative capacity; leads to "trained incapacity") -Philip Selznick (1949- Informal organizations within the "formal" organization can buttress the formal org's goals and functions) -Chester Barnard (1938- executives should offer monetary and non-monetary incentives)
Employee Motivation
-Workers are motivated by intrinsic (self-purpose) and extrinsic (monetary, praise, recognition) rewards -Employees have different needs which can be achieved simultaneously (alderfer) or hierarchically (maslow) -There are "satisfiers" and "dissatisfiers" that influence job satisfaction in organizations -Public workers are thought to be motivated by public service motivation (PSM)
Boundedly rational model
Assumption and main argument -Herbert Simon argued that the rational model is unrealistic because decision makers have cognitive limitations and incomplete information Key points -Thus, decision makers are "bounded", leading to "satisfying" short decision making time and a symmetrical information lead to satisfying behavior
its the league entity charged by the Constitution. to make and enforce laws. and extensive the highest authority among human institutions.
Government*
Elite Theory
Assumption and Main Argument -Elite theory assumes that decision making is done by a few powerful individuals as opposed to the pluralism model Some argument -Joseph Schumpeter (1942): "democracy means only that the people have the opportunity of accepting or refusing the men who are to rule them" -C. Wright Mills (1956): The power elite decision making is done in the executive sense, not congressional determinations; decisions by the electorate are completely out of the question; bureaucrats are party politicians are subservient to the elite
What is public goods?
Public goods have two distinct aspects: non excludability and non rivalry in consumption -Non excludability means that the cost of keeping non payers from enjoying the benefits of the good or service is prohibitive -Non rivalry in consumption implies that one person consuming the good doesn't prevent another person from consuming the good
Some theories of budgeting
-V.O. key- a normative theory of budgeting -David Miller's three philosophical viewpoints: rights, deserts, and needs -Lewis adds rationally to cultivate normative theory of budgeting -Brubaker's "tragedy of the budgetary commons" -Wildavsky's budget incrementalism -Wicker's grander budget theory -Swedlow's cultural theory
Civil Service Reform Act of 1978
Created the office of personnel management, merit systems protection board, and fair labor relations authority; offered protection for whistleblowers
The Human relations school (cont.)
Chris Argyris (1957) argued that the formal organization-with its chain of command, span of control, and specialization-can create frustration and feelings of failure -New workers will learn to not become "rate busters" and thus perform mediocre -Solution: workers should participate in determining the scope of their work and responsibilities
The human relations school (cont.)
Douglas McGregor's (1960) 2 approaches to management style: Theory X and Theory Y -Theory X assumes that workers dislike work and avoid it whenever possible -Makes supervision necessary; workers are motivated only by economic sanctions, threats, and punishments -Theory Y assumes individuals enjoy working and embrace responsibility -People are capable of self-direction and innovation; managers should afford workers greater latitude
Changing Markets: new challenges
-The government now competes essentially in a single market against a better prepared and more flexible private sector for skills that both must acquire -New technology, new ways of organizing work, new means of delivering public services, and an increasing reliance on a temporary workforce have redefined the nature of public work -Aging workforce and a looming retirement problem -The challenge of maintaining the right skill mix is made more complex for both public and private sectors -Human capital is an investment, not just a cost -Leaders are the glue -Partners will be important
Satisfying and Incrementalism
Assumption and main argument -Lindblom (1959) argued that individuals do not follow the rational model when making decisions concerning policy Key points -Incrementalism holds that only a few policy alternatives can be considered at a time, and that policies do not differ radically from existing ones; change is thus incremental -Criticized for maintaining the status quo; to avoid this problem, we use "sunset" provisions, allowing laws to expire following a specified period unless otherwise reenacted
Types of budgets
-Operating budgets vs. Capital budgets -Line-item budget -Performance budget (indicators: outcomes and outputs) -Zero-based budgeting (ZBB)
The Classical School
-Frederick Taylor: scientific management -Frank and Lillian Gilbreth (1910-1924) -Time and motion studies to eliminate waste in productivity -Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick (1937) -PODSCORB (planning, organizing, directing, staffing, coordinating, reporting, and budgeting) -Henri Fayol's "14 principles of management" (1916): -Division of work, authority, discipline, unity of command, unity of direction, subordination of individual to common interest, remuneration of personnel, centralization, scalar chain, hierarchal structure, order, equity, stability of personnel, initiative, and espirit de corps
Mitigating Factors
Supervisor's Encouragement of ethical behavior -Supervisors are expected to set the ethical tone for their employees, communicating and enforcing expectations Coworker's ethical behavior -Coworkers demonstrate high standards of personal integrity, coping should be enhanced Feedback Adequacy -Job performance from multiple sources, including the supervisor Feedback Timeliness -Feedback timeliness is related to its utility in helping financial managers perform their jobs Professionalism -Help to increase an individual's knowledge and experience and provide continuing education and support mechanisms Mentoring -Mentors provide assistance in numerous ways, such as giving advice on ethical issues Experience -Individuals with more job experience may resist external pressure better because of lessons learned from experience Education -Education's impact may come from complementing and generalizing job experience, thus heightening the lessons learned through work experience -Ethics training Savings Orientation -Such a long-term orientation is expected to serve as a foundation in guiding respondents in decision making and enhance an individual's ability to deal with external ethical pressure on a day-to-day basis Job Routineness -Rigidity and control are embodied in routine and may limit the exercise of discretion, thus reducing ethical pressure -May not characterize high-level government positions with significant decision-making responsibilities Job Formality -That an individual relies on formal rules in making decision Security -Insulate the organization and the employee from liability and the ravages of an overly litigious society Invisibility -Result in the invisibility of individual employees to external observers, who cannot pinpoint particular employees' roles
Civil Right Act of 1964
Established the equal employment opportunity commission and outlawed discrimination in hiring, firing, and compensation
The six steps in making decisions
1. pinpointing the problem 2. identifying causes 3. setting objectives 4. formulating alternative courses of actions 5. evaluating alternatives against organizational objectives 6. choosing the best course of actions
Nasa's Challenger Disaster (1986)
-What happens when external goods, take precedence over internal goods at NASA? -What virtues are needed to make sure the internal goods?
Contemporary organizational theories- organizationals economic theory
-Concerned with the conflicting interested between workers and managers; captured in the principal-agent model (or agency theory) -Workers will not always strive to achieve organizational goals; agents (workers) often have more knowledge than principals (managers), which workers can use to their advantage -Two solutions: (1) monitor workers and (2) align incentives of managers and employees
Employee Development
-HR managers are typically tasked with ensuring employee development -On the job methods of employee development -Delegating authority and responsibility to subordinates -Coaching and offering constructive criticism and praise -Special assignments to stimulate workers and lead to innovation in the workplace -Job rotation to encourage skill development -Understudy or apprenticeship for leadership succession
Uniforms in the closet
The story: -R is a marine and a gay. He decides to leave the marine although he has a bright future in his career -"Don't ask. Don't tell." -A compromise eked out among the white house, congress and the pentagon after president clinton's announcement of his intention to lift the ban on homosexuals in the military -"Clinton thought he was doing us this big favor", R says, "and all he did was build a brick wall around the closet"
Political Model
Assumption -The political model assumes that intra-organizational coalitions compete for influence Key points -The more powerful coalitions win out, as do their decision-making preferences
Exacerbating Factors
Fiscal stress -Spurs efforts by external actors to gain benefits -Create uncertainty for financial managers Budgetary process involvement -Those involved in the budget process are primary targets Political influence -Balancing competing values or interests may create more ethical
Beyond the Doctrine?
-The doctrine has been designed primarily to limit the prospect of self-interest or misguided bureaucrats aggrandizing themselves or leading the society toward some idiosyncratic or ill-considered conception of the public interest -Different expectations -Imaginations of managers to combine what they can sense of public demands with access to resources and control over operational capacity to produce value -But, the society has not organized its relations with the public managers to demand, expect, reward, or value such efforts
Hierarchal Loyalty and Ethics
How does loyalty to their hierarchy interfere with ethical administrative behavior? How do we develop normative administrative ethics? Characteristics of practice: -Internal goods -External goods -Virtues
Contemporary organizational theories- organizational culture
-Edgar Schein (1993) believes that organizational culture refers to shared nations that bind together members of an organization -An organization physical layout can show an organization's culture -Organizational culture can affect collaboration
Comparing the consensus process with other decision processes
-Citizen participation and public involvement processes vs. consensus process -Decision making by "authorities" vs. consensus process -Consultation vs. consensus
Creating public value
-Mark H. Moore -A normative theory of public management; what should public managers do? -Moore argued that just as the goal of private managers was to create private (economic) value, the goal of government agencies was to "create public (social) value" -We should view the public manager as a "strategist" instead of a "technician"
Section 7
(50 cards)
generally provides that any person has the right to request access to federal agency records or information except to the extent the records are protected from disclosure by any of nine exemptions contained in the law or by one of three special law enforcement record exclusions.
Freedom of Information Act
1930-1960/Mixing of authority & programs among national, state, and local governments
Cooperative federalism/marble cake*
What is the most common form of municipal government in the United States?
Yes, because it gives you a voice in matter that can affect the out come of government local and federal.
Why does citizen participation matter?*
Possible collaborations that help local governments is transit systems between both sets. it will bring the need to go to the city for work then a home in non-urban environments
What are the possible configurations of metropolitan area collaboration?*
Has an elected commission @ the center that both regulates & administers. Enact laws as a body but as individuals are assigned to head admin. department.
Commission form of government*
society considered as a community of citizens linked by common interests and collective activity.
Civil Society
Dillon's Rule is derived from the two court decisions issued by Judge John F. Dillon of Iowa in 1868. It affirms the previously held, narrow interpretation of a local government's authority, in which a substate government may engage in an activity only if it is specifically sanctioned by the state government
Dillon's Rule*
Dual federalism/layer cake*
States are denied the powers to coin money, enter into treties, establish weights and measurements, and run the postal service.
Powers denied to states
is a theory that constructs the boundaries of public administration and asserts the normative relationship between elected officials and administrators in a democratic society.
Politics-administration dichotomy (a.k.a., separation of politics and administration)*
The bounds of the field of Public Admin. -Protect the lives, property & rights of citizens -Maintain or ensure the supply of essential resources -Support ppl who are unable to care for themselves -Promote steady & balanced economic growth -Promote quality of life & personal opportunity to succeed -Protect the natural environment -Promote scientific & technological advancement
What are the bounds of the field of public administration?*
the transfer of a business, industry, or service from public to private ownership and control.
Privatization*
involves the government, community and private sectors communicating with each other and working together to achieve more than any one sector could achieve on its own.
Collaboration*
Governing Without Government
New Governance*
the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively.
Social Capital*
General - Purpose Local Govts : Are counties, towns & municipalities. They have a wide range of powers. [E.G] Police & fire protection, streets & sewers, parks & recreation, housing, cultural facilities, mass transit, industrial & development & housing
General-purpose local governments (define and give example)*
Mandated national action via state and local actors/Funded - Economic Opportunity Act of 1964/ Unfunded - Civil Rights/Partially Funded - Environmental Protection/Conditional Funding - Drinking Age/No Child Left Behind Department of Homeland Security
Centralized federalism/pound cake*
Preemption is the rule of law that if the federal government through Congress has enacted legislation on a subject matter it shall be controlling over state laws and/or preclude the state from enacting laws on the same subject if Congress has specifically
Preemption: Preemption
division of powers. 1 : separation of powers. 2 : the principle that sovereignty should be divided between the federal government and the states especially as expressed by the Constitution of the U.S.
Division of powers
State government can create public schools, create local government, provide public education, license for marriage
State Powers
Style that potrays the process of making choices as one that specifies goals, considers all relevant evidence and alternatives, and selects the option that offers the best combonation of benefits and costs.
Rational Decision Making*
consist of choosing goals and devising steps to reach them over a given span of time.
Planning*
Grants of authority from state to local governments to govern themselves within bounds of state and US constitution/ Full or limited home rule
Home Rule*
How can a mayor's power be limited?
is a problem that is difficult or impossible to solve because of incomplete, contradictory, and changing requirements that are often difficult to recognize.
"Wicked Problems"*
: the process by which Government requires, prohibits, or structures certain actions by individuals.
Regulation*
Legal requirement for action that the national government imposes on states and local governments or that states impose on their local units. Mandates role in public policy are that they are national policy that congress has imposed on all levels of government.
Define mandates and explain their role in public policy?*
Government- ACT or providing Public goods & services Private Sectors Nonprofits Individuals (Volunteerism) Governance- National, State, Local Govts. Activity by which laws are decided & enforced & goods & services are provided
What is the difference between government and governance?*
Special Purpose Local Govt - Performs only one or a few related functions. Are independent from other local govts. [E.g] School districts are the most common of this type of govt. REsponsible for early childhood, elementary, secondary, vocational & in some states community college. Are accountable only to the same department of edu & legislature.
Special-purpose local government (define and give example)*
to ascertain laws that pass and fund the appropriate applied sanction
Legislative oversight
is a cooperative arrangement between one or more public and private sectors, typically of a long-term nature.
Public-Private Partnership
by contracting a job or service to a private company to save money.
Contracting Out*
The reason they are related is that they provide a social link with the people. And as a public administrator it lets you know what the people are talking about. They can use this information to better the community.
How are social capital and civil society related? How are they both important to public administration?*
: (1975-Current)/Flexibility for the state and local actors/Competitive federalism (crumble cake federalism)/ Devolution, Welfare Reform (1996), Current proposals?
New federalism/crumble cake*
Federal government can declare war, conduct foreign affairs, establish a court system, raise and support armies, coin money
Federal Powers
States and federal government share some of the same powers. They may each levy taxes, borrow money, charter banks, define crime, and punish crime
Concurrent Powers
The two models are Contractualism and trust-based. And basically these two models work with a third parties by having a contract and fulfilling those need with each other.
Identify and explain the two models of administering relationships with third-party providers.*
a form of dishonest or unethical conduct by a person entrusted with a position of authority, often to acquire personal benefit. Examples are bribery and embezzlement.
Corruption (with examples)*
The system evolved in gradual response to several factors. The first dynamic was the growing social and technological interdependence of the nation. A second force was the emergance of well-financed interst and clientele groups that successfully pressed the national government for aid. Third, the national government acquired greater financial resources to meet expanding needs. A system of cooperative federalism evolved, in which the national government assisted in fulfilling many of their responsibilities. The depression greatly spurred intergovernmental cooperation during the 1930's. State, local, and private funds for aiding the unemployed quickly ran out, and the congress elected in 1932 devised programs to fill the gaps.
Explain how the American federal system evolved from dual federlasim into cooperative federalism? *
An appointed executive. Most popular in med. Sized communities. The elected council or board enacts the laws & budgets & hires professional manager to appoint the subordinate admin, carry out policies & answer to council for results.
Council-manager form of government*
-Rule of Law A Western tradition. Based on chapter 17 in the book of Deuteronomy in the bible. The Hebrews chose a king who would be submit to the law. Like Article IV in the Constitution when it states " This Constitution..shall be the supreme of the land..." Basically, no govt. official is outside the law. -Federalism Gives certain powers to national & state govt. Intended to be limited to US however, has now become a framework where all levels of govt interact intensively -Separation of Powers Divides powers of govt into 3 branches. Executive, Legislative & Judicial. Each w/ distinct powers & permission to check and balance one another. -Guaranteed Rights & Liberties Protection against govt action. Govt cannot take away one's life, liberty, or property except by due process of law. Now including education, employment & housing. -Govt. Accountability Lawmakers must justify their actions or inaction. Officials are elected for a specific term. Citizens can petition authorities.
Name and describe the foundations of public administration?*
Resembles the national/state model in dividing powers between a single chamber legislative body that makes the laws & mayor who provides executive leadership. Mostly used in large cities.
Mayor-council form of government*
Transfer of funds from one level of government to another with stated conditions for their use. Categorical: Formula and Project(Head start), Block: (CDBG"community development block grant")
Grants in Aid*
the different levels of public participation are inform, consult, Involve, collaborate, empower.
What are the different levels of public participation
The only reason one would consider these options is to save money in the long run. They look for a company that focuses on a specific task that could get the job done.
On what grounds does one evaluate privatization and contracting out?*
His central thesis is that over time the us social capital is declining as new generations don't get in touch with political issues.
What is the central thesis of Bowling Alone, by Robert Putnam?*
The states have developed many ties with one another, formal and informal. With the approval of congress, two or more states may form a compact, which resembles a treaty between sovereign nations. Since the relations between governments encompass nearly every conceivable private interest, we may expect them to be driven by various political forces. Administrators must be constantly alert to shifting political currents and the policy changes produce. Localism is the norm that a service or regulation should be based in as small a jurisdiction as possible, under the control of the people whom it most affects. Pragmatism comes into play, dictating that a needed service or regulation be provided in the most effective manner, regardless of who controls it, Intergovernmental arrangements blend localism and pragmatism in many varations. The tension between the priniciples requires frequent negotiations and adjustment. This is most obvious in the pursuit of homeland security. Kettl emphasizes that federal/state/local collaboration must be sensitive to the specific
Explain the political forces that shape intergovernmental policy making and administration and the competing principles of localism and pragmatism? *
: federal mandates are orders that induce "responsibility, action, procedure or anything else that is imposed by constitutional, administrative, executive, or judicial action" for state and local governments and/or the private sector. Unfunded: unfunded mandate is a statute or regulation that requires a state or local government to perform certain actions, with no money provided for fulfilling the requirements. Public individuals or organizations can also be required to fulfill public mandates. Funded: Funded Mandates is when the federal government give the states money to help them do whatever they want them to do, that's a funded mandate. An unfunded mandate is a statute or regulation that requires a state or local government to perform certain actions, yet provides no money for fulfilling the requirements.
Federal Mandates*
his is a certificate provided by the government agency's that enables people to buy specific goods or services in the private market.
Vouchers
Section 8
(50 cards)
Practice
specific to what they do and what they do only
Herbert Simon said it isn't rationality because
you don't know literally everything
Public-ness
extent to which the organization is influenced by political authority
• Woodrow Wilson & Frank Goodnow
o Advocated for a recognizable split between politicians (those who create policy) and administrators (those who enforce policy) o Both wanted policy to be the expression of the will of the people, viewed government as public servants/representatives o Call for separation is naïve and impossible, but it did call for a professional workforce in the government
Regime values
ethics that ought to be stemmed in
17 million people
made up the workface
Gulick and Ehrlich discussed principles of management
division of work and communication
How do you maintain harmony
political parties
Administrative model
decisions determined in order until you find one you like and stop
50-85% of budget
pay for employee benefits
Wilson's 1887 dichotomy
politics administration dichtomy
Fredrick Taylor's one best way
scientific managment
Elite model
few people at the top make the decisions
Implicit favorite model
subconsciously you identify the way you want the decision to go and you rationalize it so everyone else will like it too
Citizen ship theory
your social obligations as a citizen such as voting
Mazlow's hierarchy of needs
Filet saw people as people (motivational work in understanding why people act the way they do)
there are personal, systemic, substantive chooses.
What are the three choices available to public administrators when confronted with an ethical dilemma?
MacIntyre's 4 characteristics of a practice
1. practice 2. virtue 3. internal goods 4. external goods
Participatory model
annoyingly try to get everyone's consensus and might even vote
Moore critique of public administration
the way we used to manage the public sector was bad because it left no room for innovation and led to a lack of responsibility
Virtue
everyone holds same values ethics
Cooper 4 questions
what are the normative foundations for public administration ethics
Organizational culture
shared notions that unite an organization
Fredrick Taylor
o Father of Scientific Management with book Principles of Scientific Management o "One best way" of accomplishing a task (task can be of production or of a social/organizational sense) o Considered people extensions of machines as part of the production process o Sough to increase production efficiency by finding the fastest and least fatiguing methods o Showed need to understand management
A political reform that was made was the elimination of corruption.
Identify the political reforms of the Progressive Era. How did the Progressive Era change public administration? *
It conflicts with it because of impartiality is a moral judgement. It still has a consequence but the compassion is taken away because of the judgement present.
How does the duty of impartiality conflict with compassion?
the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex.
Discrimination*
Rational model
cost benefit analysis, you make the decision that ives you the most benefit with the least cost
is a decision-making model utilized for the analysis of ethical dilemmas when there is no clear sense of right or wrong.
The ethical triangle
The three prospective are, principles, consequence, and virtues. That whatever happens there is going to be a consequence involved.
What are the different ethical perspectives in the ethical triangle? How does the triangle apply to public sector decision-making in which there is an ethical conflict? What is the role of the public interest in these decisions?*
Mary Mallen is
typhoid Mary- quarantined for 23 years because wouldn't stop cooking
Private-ness
extent to which the organization is controlled by the market
theories holding that the consequences of one's conduct are the ultimate basis for any judgment about the rightness or wrongness of that conduct.
Consequential ethics *
KSA
Knowledge Skills and Ability (human capital and targets for training)
Machi Abelli
better to be feared than to be loved- the ends justify the means
Groupthink
power and cohesiveness within a group
Scottish Enlightenment impacted Washington
specifically history, to enhance the well-being of future citizens
disclosure by a person, usually an employee in a government agency or private enterprise, to the public or to those in authority, of mismanagement, corruption, illegality, or some other wrongdoing
Whistleblowing*
They are connected by believing that you have to help someone or something in a way. That you have a goal of completing it.
How are accountability and ethics connected?
Social equity
came in the 70's and it views the principle of justice as crucial in ethics
William willoughby
o Called for national budget system (for the federal government) and overall budget reform under Taft administration o Three threads: 1. Budgets give popular control 2. Budgets enhance cooperation between legislators (lawmakers) and executives (administrators of the law) 3. Budgets enhance administrative and management efficiency o Size of government growing very quickly o Stated need for administration and organizational control (budget)
External goods
everyone contributes to the outside world, in medicine such as fixing people obviously not in the medical world
is an approach to Ethics that emphasizes an individual's character as the key element of ethical thinking, rather than rules about the acts themselves
Virtue ethics*
Dichotomy needs to subservient to maintain
harmony
Internal goods
everyone contributes to field in the same way, like supplied to the practice itself such as research within medicine
Herbert Simon critiqued Gulick and Ehrlich because
their methods weren't truly scientific
Woodrow Wilson was the 28 presidents of the united states. And he contributed social links and that the government should be for the people.
Who was Woodrow Wilson and what did he contribute to public administration? *
1. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. 4. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause 5. protects a person from being compelled to be a witness against themselves in a criminal case 14. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside
Know the rights and liberties granted by the 1st, 4th, 5th, 14th amendments.*
Webber said bureaucracies
are machine-like structures with efficiency at heart
1.5% budget
towards training
Section 9
(50 cards)
President JFK
o In his inaugural address, defined public value at the time as security in Cold War, winning Space Race, serving one's country, helping those (and those developing countries) in need
Max Weber
o Developed concept of "Ideal Bureaucracy" but DID NOT support its implementation o Ideal Bureaucracy: 1. Rigid 2. Authoritative 3. Focused on obedience and central power 4. Hierarchical chain of command 5. Officials are appointed rather than elected 6. Issues: • Impersonal, impedes decision-making, oppresses personal freedoms • People are not machines and perform better when not treated as such 7. Still, it was considered to be most efficient at the time
Quarantine
o isolating an individual thought to have contracted a disease but not yet showing symptoms
o The Gilbreths (specifically Lillian Gilbreth)
1. They applied Taylorism to their consulting firm which helped managers improved their organization's efficacy 2. Believed what worked for a factory (Taylorism) could do the same for a homestead 3. Had 12 kids - Cheaper by the Dozen inspiration
Fredrickson Cont.
o The current PA ethics canon (set of standards) doesn't fix big issues, but does fix smaller ones o Government is getting very big, is out-sourcing (decentralizing) to private organizations o 33-50% of state-budgeted activities are carrying out federal activities o 2010 - 17 MILLION people make up extended government workforce
• Holzer & Schwester on Ethics
o Teleological = focus on results/ends in decision making o Deontological = focus on motivations/means in decision making o Ethics seen in PA in the oaths governments officials take to serve their people o Corruption example = Judge Judith Hawkins ran her own ministry in her courtroom using court time and resources
Mary Follet (1926)
1. Effective leadership necessary, leaders must be able to unify, motivate, and resolve conflicts between employees
Anderson
o Publicness = degree to which an organization is influenced by politics o Privateness (from Bozeman) = degree to which the economy/markets influence an organization rather than politics
Teleological
focus on results/ends in decision making
COMMUNITY WIDE QUARANTINE
o CLOSING OF COMMUNITY BORDERS OR THE ERECTION OF REAL OR VIRTUAL BARRIER AROUND A GEOGRAPHICAL AREA
Centralia Mines
o Failure of organization to respond to regulations and warnings because they were trying to increase profits/take the easy way out led to a disastrous explosion
WORKING QUANTINE
o PERSONS AT OCCUPATIONAL RISK OF INFLUENCE INFECTION (Health care worker who may be restricted to home or designated facilities during off hours)
Fredrickson (2010)
o Complains of PA being slow to change to new ethical dilemmas o Envisioned a spectrum from public to private for organizations 1. All organizations are somewhere on the spectrum, decided by their interactions with governmental agencies 2. Argues that all organizations are to some degree public in nature and have some degree of responsibility to the public
1. 1. How do American administrative ethical norms fit into a global context?
• American ideals are good for other countries to adopt as they are needed for people to trust their government
o Herbert Simon (1946)
1. Fayol, Urick, and Gulick's work are all just proverbs, none of the terms are truly scientific. The principles should be tested somewhat-scientifically if they are to maintain their value
Abraham Maslow 1943
o people are motivated by a hierarchy of needs 1. Starts with physical needs, then safety needs, then belongingness and love needs, then self-esteem needs, then self-actualization (becoming the best you can possibly be, doing what you were "meant" to do) o Follett and Maslow = People are complex and have complex needs/desires
o Three forms of success for public managers
1. Personal - enhancing personal reputations and careers 2. Organizational - building strong organizations 3. Efficacy - do their policy objectives or do they not get implemented, and are those objectives helping the public?
• Cooper (2004) o 4 Major Questions
1. 1. How do American administrative ethical norms fit into a global context?1. 2. What are the normative foundations for public administrative ethics? 1. 3. How can organizations be designed to be supportive of ethical conduct?. 4. When should we treat people equally in order to treat them fairly and when should we treat them unequally?
Chester Barnard
1. Monetary and non-monetary incentives help to get workers to cooperate and improves performance, he gives 8 types of incentives as examples split into two categories • General Incentives (emotional and opportunities) • Specific Incentives (money, awards, improved conditions)
• Olivero (2014)
o Graffiti is a public good and vandalism because it is artistic and expresses the will and desires of the people and offers social commentary but is still vandalism unless allowed by the law o First = CORNBREAD and COOL EARL
Locke
1. Two Treatises of Government 2. Calls for representative government, believes people are good
Philip Selznick 1949
1. Says informal organizations exist within formal organizational structures • i.e. cliques exist 2. Called for co-optation: welcoming new or outside elements into an organization's decision-making processes in order to help the organization identify and protect itself from outside threats
o Examined paradox of being a good administrator and unethical at the same time
1. Example = Perpetrators of Holocaust followed orders and didn't break any laws, but they were definitely unethical• -They argue that this is a huge problem and that public administrators have little control over it because they must support the organization they are a part of, even if the organization is doing something unethical
1. How can organizations be designed to be supportive of ethical conduct?
• The way in which an organization is designed and the way an organization operates must both be ethical o Whistleblowers shouldn't be published if they are acting to try to help the organization better itself by calling it out on mistakes/unethical behavior
Bozeman
o Economic Individualism 1. Believed this method and utilitarianism and laissez-faire ("hands off" approach to government) were best for the public and efficiency 2. Believed in facing social problems with policies based on traditional family values and individual responsibility o Idea of welfare state (high taxes in return for government funding many services such as healthcare, etc.) at odds with ideals of individualism
QUARANTINE OF GROUPS
o QUANTINE OF PEOPLE EXPOSED TO SAME SOURCE OF ILLNESS, also called isolation
Deontological
focus on motivations/means in decision making
Structural Theory
1. Mechanistic Structure = rigid, centralized, hierarchical 2. Organic Structure = less rigid, working cooperatively with subordinates and managers, low formalization
o Gulick & Urwick
1. Gulick = born to missionaries in Japan, both were very well educated 2. Inspired by Fayol's principles, developed POSDCORB to describe work of a chief executive: • Planning • Organizing • Staffing • Directing • Coordinating • Reporting • Budgeting 3. Criticism from Holzer & Schwester: • Things are not that simple, you can argue counterpoints for each point of POSDCORB
Public Interest Theory
o public administrators ought to follow the will of the people, the decisions that benefit society over time
Communitarism
o form community groups and be an individual but still a part of this group trying to support the aims of the group as a whole - a mix of individualism and community-mindedness 1. Active citizenship hugely important 2. Stivers said this approach influences decisions to be made in the public interest by public administrators - similar to J.S. Mill's idea of Utilitarianism - making decisions to benefit the most amount of people
Fredrich-Finer Debate
1. Friedrich = ethics guides public administrators by a certain code of ethics • Most PA literature sides with him • Weirdly predicted that US would be totalitarian by 2000 (he died in 1984) 2. Finer = external pressures/"obedience to an explicit direction" guides public administrators
1. When should we treat people equally in order to treat them fairly and when should we treat them unequally?
• People are diverse, must focus on treating everyone fairly o Cooper recommends open-ended discussion to keep ethical standards
Said MacIntyre was a fan of
o bureaucratic individualism, i.e. The freedom to make private decisions is bought at the cost of turning most public decisions to bureaucratic managers and experts.
Dewey 1927
1. discussion is needed to determine this will, this is an ideal and not a scientific term
o Gulick & Urwick
o Urwick by himself 1. Developed Ten Principles for Organizational Management
Moore 1995
o Public Managers: 1. Chief executives • Presidents, governors, mayors 2. Civil servants • City workers 3. Interest group leaders • Overseers, lobbyists - must be held ACCOUNTABLE
o Henri Fayol
1. Developed 14 principles and 5 elements of management which were key to efficiency and predictability of an organization (Planning, Organizing, Command, Coordination, Control)
Adams and Balfour
o American liberal democracy is procedural and not adaptive to day-to-day conditions of real people's lives
Hobbes
1. Leviathan 2. Wanted one powerful ruler because people are self-serving 3. Tabula rasa = "blank states", this is how our minds are born and as we grow and develop we fill our "slates"
Enlightenment
o Revolution of political ideologies (1650-1800) o Scottish Enlightenment started by Frances Hutcheson
Robert Merton
1. Adaptability is limited when bureaucracies treat individuals as machines. Bureaucracies are closed systems without input from the external
Iron Triangle
o Congress (makes laws) o Interest groups (helps elect Congressmen) o Bureaucracy (government agencies that get funding from Congress and give special favors to interest groups they support)
ethical dilemma
o balancing the interests of a single individual against the interests of a larger community
Normative publicness
o The extent to which an organization holds public sector values i.e. does it meet the desires/will/value of the public sector (government aims)
Machiavelli
1. "Means to an end" philosophy 2. Rulers ought to inspire fear 3. Illustrated corruption and misdeeds in government
Cook & Klay 2014
o Overview of Enlightenment (see above) 1. Washington centered in Scottish Enlightenment 2. Jefferson used these ideas in writing Constitution 3. Study of history is necessary for making better future o Discussed Washington 1. Wanted public participation in government, education for all, and on-the-job training
1. 2. What are the normative foundations for public administrative ethics?
• Regime values - ethics should be grounded in Constitution • Citizenship Theory - ethics come from obligation to be a good citizen • Social Equity - Justice is crucial • Virtue/Character-based - morality is the right way to go, public administrators must practice what they preach • Public Interest - it is ethical for public administrators to follow the will of the people Basically calls for citizen participation like Washington did
Public values
o what the people want, what they care about, etc. 1. Failure of public value is when public values are not met by the public industries/market
Systems Theory
1. Parts of an organization are all interconnected 2. An organization is made of Inputs, Processes, Feedback Mechanisms, and Outputs: • Inputs: Organizational resources • Processes: What an organization does with resources • Feedback mechanism: means organization collects and analyzes data regarding impact of its outputs • Outputs: goods or services organization produces 3. Theory is cyclical, ever-changing to respond to internal and external changes
Section 10
(50 cards)
1. Principal-Agent Theory:
• Principles = executives, shareholders, etc. • Agents = employees • Principals at disadvantage because they want to be efficient and need to make sure agents are working hard o Solution - monetary incentives to promote Organizational Economic Theory (keeping views in line with organization's) and oversight (watching Agents closely to make sure they're behaving)
• Holzer & Schwester Human Relations Management (2011)
o Mintzberg (1996): An organization that doesn't have a commitment to their human resources has no soul. o Employee Salaries and Benefits Account for 50-85% of government budgets! o People = most important part of organization o Cooper (1998) change HRM from reactive to proactive in dealing with problems o Isaacs (1996) = employee training and development is super important o Holzer (1991) recommends emphasizing advocacy as a strategy for dealing with high diversity workforce o Mills (1994) - Continual training and learning necessary (KSAs = Knowledge, Skills, Abilities) 1. For political jobs, employees need to be trained in legislative process o On-the-Job Employee Development is important
• Hertzberg (1959) study:
o People satisfied when they are doing their job well and dissatisfied when treated unfairly
• Egan - Don't Ask, Don't Tell Study (1998)
o Lasted from 1994-2011, Clinton started, Obama ended o Shows the military's Organizational Culture
administration deals with:
the execution of the policies
Rational Model
o Cost-benefit analysis of which choice is most beneficial and costs least o Herbert Simon (1947/1997) - we have a limited range of intelligence and thus cannot consider all possible options that are out there, so we pick the best with the info that we have = BOUNDED RATIONALITY 1. Choose the best that we can find
o W. Edwards Deming - Quality Circle
1. A QC is a small group of employees that work on similar tasks and meet to solve work-related issues. 2. Overall purpose is to improve quality of an organization's services. 3. Employee as expert. 4. Sessions are not for venting, but rather to be proactive 5. Makes workers happy and improves efficiency
• Cooper (1987)
o Set out to find ethical code for American Society for Public Administration, because their current rules were not sufficient. Looked for: 1. An understanding of appropriate ethical principles, 2. An identification of virtues which are supportive of those principles, 3. Analytical techniques that may be employed in specific situations to interpret the principles
• Elite Model - opposite of participatory
o A small group makes all the decisions
alternatives to bureaucracy
networks
• Groupthink Model - Irvis Janis (1972)
o Think as a group (think of Mean Girls), characterized by extreme conformity and no rational decision making by a directive leader in a homogeneous group isolated from outside ideas/influences
How is government organized to deliver services
interstate highway system federal housing administration consumer protection national weather services
what does Wilson suggest about the science of administration - Why was it conceived in the lands where government is a monopoly instead of England of the US?
-Became experts in the field -Government became indispensable
• Ingram, Selden, and Moynihan (2000)
o Human capital must be treasured more highly and developed more carefully than current practice allows 1. According to a survey of 10 government agencies, only 1.5% of total spending is given to training employees. o High Performance needs to be a way of life o Strong leadership and partnerships with unions also necessary o Problem in government: people don't want to go into it, but the government must still hire the best of the best o Performance must be base of hiring/promoting, leaders must be glue of organizations, partnerships must be strategic and front-loaded
Three kinds of authorities
1. judicial 2. executive 3. administrative
when we are more efficient we sacrifice :
democracy, because it is very slow
Bureaucracy
structure within which virtually all government operations operate and is characteristic of large private concerns
• Public Choice Model
o Self-interest determines how decisions are made, based on helping own department
Characteristics of bureaucracy
Jurisdictional boundaries Hierarchy Reliance on written documents Expertly trained managers Uniform application of rules
• Implicit Favorite Model (biased and subjective)
o You already know what you're going to pick and don't really listen to alternatives
Douglas MacGregor
1. Theory X (authoritarian, Weberian) and Theory Y (participative style of management, organic structure) are different theories of management
o Organizational Economic Theory:
1. Making sure that workers' interests are the same as the organization's interests • Problem: All motivations stem from self-interest
example of unique power
taxation
What does Goodnow think about administration and politics
administration should be separated from politics - we must achieve harmony
what is public administration
efficient, economical, and coordinated management of services. its focus is on top-level management
what are the "three periods"
-Absolute rulers and administrative system adapted to absolute rule (no democracy( -Constitutions are framed to do away with absolute rulers and substitute in popular control (take away monarchy) -Sovereign people undertake to develop administration under the new constitution
5 strategic goals of USAID
1. peace and security 2. governing justly and democratically 3. investing in people 4. economic growth 5. humanitarian assistance
public administrations "target audience" must be
multifaceted
• Political Model
o Find the most powerful partnerships because those are the ones with the most influence, emphasis on finding out who will be in charge and supporting them
• Administrative Model
o Alternatives are viewed one at a time then first plausible alternative is picked o Called "satisficing" = picking the minimum that is good enough i.e. satisfactory and sufficient
Governments are _____ bodies with ____ powers
sovereign bodies with unique powers
two largest employee categories of the Federal Government
post office military
• Participatory Model
o A diverse interest group acts as an advisory committee o Captivity = when an organization's executives lean too heavily on these interests groups and are vulnerable to manipulation
1. Mintzberg (1979):
• Operating Core - employees • Strategic Apex - executives • Middle Line - middle managers overseeing Operating Core • Technostructure - training, engineers • Support Staff - facility managers, etc
federal spending in %
65%
Facilitation
managing discussions in a joint session
• Cormick (1996) - Consensus
o Work together to design a process that maximizes compromising o To be effective, it can't be just finding the middle ground o Steps: 1. Assessment 2. Structuring the Process 3. Finding Common ground 4. Implementing and Monitoring Agreements o Don't use this model under time constraints or as a stalling mechanism o Make sure there is one "final" authority or an arbitrator between groups or "fact-finding" in which a fact-finder advises an authority
What does Wilson say about the "size" and importance of power in administration
doesn't think administration should be a part of political issues
Politics deals with:
politics has to do with policies and expressions of the state will (guiding and influencing)
• Holzer & Schwester Chapter 5 - Decision Making
o Pinpointing the problem 1. Who, what, when, where, and, why? (5W's) o Identifying the causes 1. What's leading to it? What barriers exist? Social / Physical? o Setting objectives 1. Effective objectives: specific, measurable, and provide indications of 5 W's o Formulating action alternatives 1. Evaluating option and selecting the best!
o Three Obligations he found that Public Administrators Have:
1. Obligation to Pursue the Public Interest 2. Obligation to Authorize Process and Procedures 3. Obligation to Colleagues
the Non-profit sector
invisible part of the public service delivery system - considered to be the "threads" that hold society together
• Garbage Can Model
o Decision making is affected by three streams: 1. Problem - the issue 2. Political - public interest and value 3. Policy - what policy options are available/proposed -Example 9/11
who is the biggest government spender
federal government
o Found MacIntyre's (1984) to work:
1. Practice: the broader act (farming in general instead of planting specific seeds) - more appealing and constructive as a concept 2. Virtue - act as inclinations or dispositions to act a certain way (agrees with Frankena (1973) saying that ethical virtues are necessary) 3. Internal Goods - things you get from doing the practice - learn art and line density and form from being an artist 4. External Goods - money, prestige, power, etc. 5. Need all four of these to be ethical in order to establish an ethical code for ASPA
Conciliation
trying to resolve disputes without bringing parties together
the nonprofit sector can ____ but cannot _____
receive grants and contracts, but cannot levy a tax
political paralysis
lack of harmony between the law and its execution results in this
Organizational Culture - Schein (1993)
o shared notions that unite individuals in an organization 1. Group Norms 2. Behavioral regularities ("How was your weekend?") 3. Guiding mission and values and rules that everyone follows 4. Shared skills and modes of thinking
in American context on the roots of public service we look back to :
James Madison and the Federalist Papers
Section 11
(50 cards)
social equity
includes the activities designed to enhance the political power and economic wellbeing of these minorities
who is the slippery slope created
starts with one action, you get away with it, so you continue to do the action because there are no implications on the action
ethical dilemma
making the right decisions
reasons NOT to delegate
mistakes, prestige, essence of time, giving up favorite part of job, too much work given to the employee, supervisor doesn't know how to delegate, employee doesn't want any more work
administrative ethics
(A) rights and duties that individuals should respect when they act in ways that seriously affect the wellbeing of other individuals in society (B) and the conditions that collective practices and policies should satisfy when they similarly affect the wellbeing of individuals and society
Neoclassical school
Simon - fact-value dichotomy - management science inquiry should be concerned only with facts
is the study of ethics a science?
it is a normative science
popular culture depicts
public organizations as entities staffed with individuals who no longer care, only go through motions and count down years until retirement
Organic
suited for instable environments workers roles are less defined communication is informal organization structure is horizontal decisions are made on basis of knowledge
Mechanistic
Weberian suited for stable environments workers roles are clearly defined communication is formal and top-down organizational structure is hierarchal decision making process is authoritative -Efficiently repeat procedures
Cooptation
bringing new or outside elements into an organization's leadership or decision making structure - this is done to eliminate potential threats to the organization
Classic questions for public administration
1. how can we offer more, or better services with available resources (efficiency) 2. how can we maintain our level of services while spending less money (economy)
how to delegate effectively
mean what you say and make sure the employee is clear on the task given
locals
identify with stress and loyalty
what are "time bandits"
any time you are at work and not doing your work that you are being paid to do
Weberian Bureaucracy
model posses stringent hierarchical components, authority is centralized and uniform procedures are executed in an impersonal fashion
system theory
based on the premise that organization is comprised of several parts inputs processes outputs feedback
productive human resource management
lively open system where external and internal environments are interconnected
Principle-agent theory
inherent challenges of motivating workers and controlling cooperative action
delegation- why and who does it benefit
why: frees the supervisor or time and benefits both the supervisor and the employee
Frederickson view on dichotomy
administrators execute and make policy - they are not neutral and should be committed to both good management and social equity as values
"Quality Circle"
quality begins in the design stage and ends after the satisfactory services are provided to the customer
organizational man or woman
one who has bartered his or her conscience for security - compromising and complying in the interest of protecting ones position and work
Brownlow Commission
intended to apply classical management principles to public sector organizations
deontological
stress motives and intensions -follow the law -support for duty and order -focus on the means
who is the biggest government spender
federal government
Merton's Challenge
challenged Weberian model of bureaucracy - The model is predicated on secrecy and transparency and citizen participation
employees salaries and benefits makeup what percent or government budgets
50-85%
hawthorne experiments
worker's needs extend beyond economic considerations. solution is not to increase wages
What are the 4 processes in public organization (according to Frederickson
1. distributive process 2. integrative process boundary exchange process socioeconomic process
POSDCORB
planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting and budgeting
agents
organizational employees or external players that provide services to the organization but are not part of the formal structure
Theory X
assumes individuals dislike work, and need intense supervision
traditional elements of HR
hiring the right workers training and developing workers rewarding workers
technical expert
their values conflict with bureaucratic claims - find it difficult to play the roles required to compete for organizational power and success
what does DC state for after Washington, DC
District Columbia
ex of slippery slope
go home with your employers pen, then you start taking home more supplies
Fayol's 14 principles of management- most important
specialization unity of command scalar chain authority unity of directions
Theory Y
assumes individuals enjoy work, capable of self direction
teleological
consequences of actions are most critical factor -importance of maximizing what is "good" -greatest good for the greatest number of people
ethics (adams and balfour def)
branch of philosophy concerned with systematic thought about character morals, and 'right action'
ex of cooptation
building a road for a city park - get local participation in the decision making process to eliminate threats and oppositions
Hierarchy of Needs
physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization
ethics (book def)
a set of normative guidelines directed at resolving conflicts of interest so a to enhance societal well being
New Public Administration
addition of social equity and a new question (does the service enhance social equity?)
role of subordination
administration has to be subordinate in politics - the executing authority must be subordinate to the expressing or the expressing must be subject to the control of the executing authority, this is the only way to achieve harmony
motivation
coexisting with workers in a way that causes them to be responsible, punctual and productive
Bernards incentives
-material inducements -personal nonmaterial opportunities -desirable physical conditions of work -ideal benefactions -habit and attitude conformity -opportunity for participation -associational attractiveness -condition of communion
what is the most effective means for changing organizational behavior
using good judgement and discretion
Argyris thoughts on formal organization
the chain of command, span of control, and task specialization can create individual feelings of failure and frustration
Section 12
(50 cards)
Wilson was concerned with
Organizational efficiency and economy (looked at PA as a field of business)
Civil Service Reform
• An ideal and a governmental effort • "Earning" positions and promotions, not just being rewarded due to party connections and friendships • 1883 Civil Service Reform Act • Important for state and local levels • 200 cities adopted civil service reform by the 1930's
The Iron Triangle is...
A closed, mutually supportive policymaking relationship among the congressional committees, the bureaucracy, and interest groups
Woodrow Wilson defined PA as...
A detailed and systematic execution of public law efficiency and economy.
Theory Y assumes that...
Individuals enjoy working and embrace responsibility
Lipsky talked about...
Street-level bureaucrats
According to Weber, the bureaucracy is an "_____ ____" of organization
Ideal Type
The human relations school movement placed emphasis on...
Affective and socio-psychological aspects of human behavior in organizations
Mary Parker Follett
notion of depersonalized orders originated from scientific management -> a way to reduce the management/worker conflict
Some in the Neoclassical school argue that...
Scientific management needs to be grounded in scientific research
The classical school was characterized by...
Hierarchy, specialization of labor, monetary incentives, and autocratic leadership
Theory X results in...
Necessary supervision; workers are motivated only by economic sanctions, threats, and punishments
According to scientific management...
Efficiency in work is the primary goal of management and leads to high output in the organization
The human relations school...
Started in the 1920s with the Hawthorne experiments and lasted until about the end of the 1950s
In the Iron Triangle...
The reciprocal influence relationships between agencies (bureaucracy), interest groups, and congressional committees are key elements in bureaucratic power.
Cooper dealt with...
The "big questions" of administrative ethics: 1. What are the normative foundations? Whose ethics should we adopt? 2. How do American administrative ethical norms fit into a global context? 3. How can organizations be designed to support ethical conduct? 4. When should we treat people equally in order to treat them fairly, and when should we treat them unequally?
Taylor believed that the major content of the scientific management was...
Maximization of efficiency through studies of 1. employees' times and motions 2. standardization of tools 3. task management 4. differential-piece-rate system
Who is a human resources manager?
• Specialists in HRM: often times advanced training • Trained in compensation and benefits, employment law, recruiting, employee development, personnel systems, etc.
Result of theory Y...
People are capable of self-direction and innovation; managers should afford workers greater latitude
What is centralization?
An organizational pattern focused on concentrating power at the top of an organization
Civil Service Reform transitioned leadership from a ______ _____ to a _______.
Spoils system; meritocracy
The rational model is grounded in...
Economic principles
Hezberg's Satisfiers
achievement recognition work itself responsibility advancement growth
Coopers 5 alternatives (dealing with normative foundations) were...
1. Regime values, constitutional theory, and founding thought 2. Citizenship theory 3. Social equity 4. Virtue or character-based ethics 5. The public interest
Hezbergs Dissatisfiers
company policy and administration supervision working condition interpersonal relations salary status job security
Wilson said that PA should answer these two questions:
• What government can properly and successfully do • How it can do these proper things with the utmost possible
The classical school was primarily concerned with...
Improving efficiency and productivity
labor management cooperation
the role of open communication (conflict v. partnership)
Organizational theories emphasize...
The goals of management, the needs of workers, and the relationships of organizations to their environment.
In decentralization...
• Often results in greater complexity • Greater opportunity for employee/client participation • Complicates accountability and monitoring
Others in the Neoclassical school stress the importance of...
Democratic values, informal organizations, and non-monetary incentives in management.
Taylor's four principles of scientific management:
1. Adoptions of laws or formulas to determine the most efficient ways of completing tasks (e.g., through time-and-motion studies) 2. Workforce specialization—identify the strengths and weaknesses of workers; workers should work in areas in which they have the highest capability 3. Fusing together work procedures and specialized training 4. Equal division of responsibility between management and workers
The Neoclassical School (1920s-1950s) rejected...
The notion that the principles of management were "scientific"
Goodnow's politics-administration dichotomy was an important instrument for...
Progressive reforms
The rational model is grounded in economic principles that include...
Scarcity of resources, perfect information, full knowledge of alternatives, and opportunity cost
Topics of organizational theories:
1. Classical management movement 2. Neo-Classical school 3. Human relations school 4. Modern organizational theory
Goodnow said that...
PA should be viewed differently from politics, and should be based on a science of management.
The human relations school generally suggested that...
Social and psychological factors matter in organizations, and that managers must be "human"
According to Weber, the bureaucracy is an "Ideal Type" of organization characterized by...
• Stringent hierarchal components—"machine-like" structure • Centralized authority • Control and empowerment of the top of the organization • Formal lines of communication • Administration based on written documents • Technical expertise
What is administrative discretion?
When public administrators face unanticipated circumstances and make value-based judgements.
Wilson wanted to separate PA from the contamination of the...
Spoils system
What is collective bargaining?
A formalized process of negotiation between management and labor, which address terms and conditions of employment including pay, working conditions, and benefits
In centralization...
• Accountability may be less complicated • Organizations may deviate less from top-management goals • Less flexibility and adaptability
Scientific management was first advanced by...
Frederick Taylor (1911); influenced by industry & assembly line processes.
What is decentralization?
An organizational pattern focused on distributing power broadly within an organization
Douglas McGregor's (1960) two approaches to management style:
Theory X and Theory Y
Human resource management concerns...
The management of people in organizations; critical to all organizations, public and private
Theory X assumes that...
Workers dislike work and avoid it whenever possible
Checks on administrative discretion include...
• Civil Service Reform Act (1978) • The Iron Triangle: 1950s - 1970s
Taylor believed that the introduction of scientific management into all business would result in...
1. higher production, 2. no labor strikes 3. a better relationship between labor and management → increased efficiency
Section 13
(50 cards)
Bureaucracy values...
The group, the hierarchy, and top-down decision making.
An appropriations bill is...
A bill that lays out how money will be spent of specific projects.
Individualism - philosophical foundations
1) Human centered; 2) Social and government institutions are a means to satisfying individual needs; 3) The individual is of supreme value, not society, and all individuals are of equal moral value
A line-item budget is popular among...
Local governments
When is the due date of the federal budget?
October 1st
In the boundedly rational model, decisions are characterized by:
• Simple search rules • Simple stopping rules • Simple decision rules
Government Accountability Office (GAO) is responsible for...
Auditing the federal budget; directed by the comptroller general who is appointed by the president to serve one 15-year term
T/F - Public administation is an extremely broad discipline
True
Disadvantage of line-item budgets...
It is not tied to performance
Incrementalism holds that...
Only a few policy alternatives can be considered at a time, and that policies do not differ radically from existing ones; change is thus incremental
Characteristics of centralization:
• Accountability may be less complicated • Less flexibility and adaptability • Organizations may deviate less from top-management goals
Democracy values...
Individualism, equality, and pluralistic decision making.
T/F - Wilson claims that administrative questions are political questions
False
Elite theory assumes that...
Decision making is done by a few powerful individuals, as opposed to the pluralism model
Collective bargaining is...
A formalized process of negotiation between management and labor, which address terms and conditions of employment including pay, working conditions, and benefits.
Satisficing entails...
"Lowering the bar" in terms of goal attainment
T/F - Woodrow Wilson says that we must study what government can do properly and successfully, and how it can do these things effectively
True
T/F - Wilson and Goodnow have NOT explained the politics-administration dichotomy discipline.
False
Herbert Simon argued that the rational model is unrealistic because...
Decision makers have cognitive limitations and incomplete information
Who starts the budget process?
The president
Who does the president hand the budget proposal to?
Congress
The human relations theory focused on...
Social and Psychological factors
Why is public interest declining?
Too ambiguous; quantitative and behavioral approaches and the need for precise answers; seems out of place with theories of interest groups that try to maximize competing interests; societies and government success in rendering life less fearful
What is the job of the executive branch?
Carrying out laws
Public value vs. Public interests
"public interest" is an ideal, where "public values" have specific, identifiable content; ideal vs starting point
Strategies for avoiding poor decisions/group think:
• Leader should avoid stating preferences • Leader should designate a "devil's advocate" • Outside experts can also serve as devil's advocates • Leader should allow group members to vote anonymously • Leader should create and foster a culture where debate, criticism, and creativity are encouraged
Bozeman's definition of public values
"A society's public values are those providing the normative consensus about: 1) the rights, benefits, and prerogatives to which citizens should (and should not) be entitled; 2) the obligations of citizens to society, the state, and one another; 3) The principles on which governments should be based
T/F - Street-level bureaucrats RARELY have power over the lives of ordinary citizens according to Lipsky
False
Satisficing and Incrementalism are criticized for maintaining the status quo; to avoid this problem, use...
"Sunset" provisions, allowing laws to expire following a specified period unless otherwise reenacted
Example of output:
Miles of streets swept monthly - objective could be 1,000 miles per month
According to the boundedly rational model...
Decision makers are "bounded," leading to "satisficing" behavior
Advantage of line-item budgets in terms of accountability...
Is relatively easy to understand
Office of Management and Budget (OMB) is...
The agency through which the president prepares a formal budget to be presented to Congress
A public good is...
Non-rivalrous and excludable
SES stands for...
Senior Executive Service
According to Kingdon's Streams Model...
Decision-making processes involves three separate, independent streams: problem, political, and policy
T/F - Under the spoils system, inefficiency was widespread, profiteering was common, and scandals were recurrent
True
What is an example of a public good?
National Defense
Kingdon's Streams Model - John Kingdon (2003) claims that...
The decision making process is neither systematic nor neatly defined within the context of politics; decision making in the public sector is chaotic
Who signs the final budget plan?
The president
In the article "Principles of Scientific Management" Frederick Taylor emphasizes...
Efficiency
Max Weber championed a bureaucratic model that uses _____, _____, and _____ to produce greater organizational output
Hierarchy, technical expertise, and centralized authority
Individualism
"a philosophy emphasizing in matters economic the values and interests of the individual"
POSDCORB stands for...
Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting, and Budgeting
NOT an example of a street-level bureaucrat:
Legislators
Example of outcome:
Street cleanliness - measured through visual inspection - goal could be to maintain a level of 90% of streets rates "clean"
Hierarchy of ethics includes four levels of ethics from lower to higher level such as...
• Personal morality • Professional ethics • Organizational ethics • Social ethics
A line-item budget shows...
Where public money will be spent item by item
Examples of street-level bureaucrats:
• Public School Teachers • Police Officers • Firefighters
A _____ system hires and promotes workers based on their competency rather than their political connections; "what you know" rather than "who you know"
Merit
Section 14
(50 cards)
Moore's main argument about creating public value
He argued that just as the goal of private managers was to create private (economic) value, the goal of government agencies was to create public (social) value; We should view the public manager as a "strategist" instead of a "technician"
Human Resource Elements (Traditional)
Hiring the right workers to achieve an organization's goals and fulfill its mandate; Training and developing workers; Rewarding workers using monetary and non-monetary rewards
Bounded rational model
Herbert Simon argued that the rational model is unrealistic because decision makers have cognitive limitations and incomplete information
Max Weber
"Idea type" 1) The principle of fixed and official jurisdictional areas ordered by rules, laws, and administrative regulations 2) The principle of office hierarchy 3) Administration based on Written document 4) Division of labor 5) Full working capacity of the official in the official activity 6) The duty of following general rule in the office management
Structural theory
Assumes there is a "best structure"
Internal Goods
Achieved through practice and dedication to excellence; shared by the community Public administrators commonly strive to achieve public interest, accountability, social order and justice, citizenship development, equality, efficiency, liberty, etc.
Robert Merton (1957)
Weberian bureaucracy conflicts with democracy and compromises administrative capacity; leads to "trained incapacity"
Line-item budget
Shows where public money will be spent item by item
Groupthink
Groupthink maintains power and cohesiveness; loyalty is paramount and dissent undermines loyalty in such circumstances
Cooper's "big questions"
Regime values, constitutional theory, and founding thought Citizenship theory Social equity Virtue or character-based ethics The Public interest
Frederick Taylor; main points
From rule-of-thumb methods to systematic, more scientific measuring individual work accomplishment; Scientifically selecting and developing workers to ensure their role Cooperation between managers and workers Logical divisions of work and responsibilities
Philip Selznick (1949)
Informal organizations within the "formal" organization can buttress the formal org's goals and functions
Goodnow's dichotomy
Three authorities: Judicial, Executive, Administrative Two functions: Politics and Administration
Dwight Waldo (1948)
Value-free research undermines ethics and morality
Participatory model
Diverse groups of individuals act in a consultative capacity (e.g., public meetings or hearings, advisory boards, and citizen advocacy groups)
Capital budgets
Long-term plans that concern the financing of capital projects such as constructing buildings, bridges, and even parks—financed through borrowing, usually with bonds
Civil Service Reform Act of 1978
Created the Office of Personnel Management, Merit Systems Protection Board, and Fair Labor Relations Authority; offered protection for whistleblowers
Public choice theory
Originates from microeconomics theory, Assumes that self-interest determines how decisions are made; bureaucrats will make decisions that minimize risks and maximize rewards
On-the-job (OTJ) methods of employee developement
Delegating authority and responsibility to subordinates; Coaching and offering constructive criticism and praise; Special assignments to stimulate workers and lead to innovation in the workplace; Job rotation to encourage skill development; Understudy or apprenticeship for leadership succession
Dorman Eaton's reform efforts
Tenure; Tenure for officials, so that their work is not disrupted by losing the position Merit system; The merit system is the process of promoting and hiring government employees based on their ability to perform a job, rather than on their political connections. It is the opposite of the spoils system.
Public values vs. Public opinion
Public opinion is highly volatile, public values are more stable
Operating budgets
Concern day-to-day operations; short-term, year-to-year budget—financed through tax dollars
Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick
PODSCORB (Planning, Organization, Directing, Staffing, Coordinating, Reporting, and Budgeting
Strategic Triangle
Legitimacy & Support, Operational Capabilities, Public Value
Iron Triangle
Interest Groups, Congress, Bureaucracy
Elite theory
Elite theory assumes that decision making is done by a few powerful individuals as opposed to the pluralism model
-Weber's bureaucratic model Formal rules and regulations Specialized roles A hierarchical structure Clear chain of command -Discretion Can pretend they never receive the order Simply delay Hold up a policy change on technical ground -Whistleblowing Enhancing our self-respect Gaining and maintaining the esteem Force responsible actions -Resignation
What is public goods?
Public goods have two distinct aspects: non-excludability and non-rivalry in consumption. "Nonexcludability" means that the cost of keeping nonpayers from enjoying the bneefits of the good or service is prohibitive; "Nonrivalry" in consumption implies that one person consuming the good doesn't prevent another person from consuming the good
Douglas McGregor (1960)
two approaches to management style: Theory X and Theory Y
Virtues
Generally considered inclinations or dispositions to act; character traits
Garbage can model
John Kingdon (2003) claims that the decision making process is neither systematic not neatly defined within the context of politics; decision making in the public sector is chaotic
Look to "grass-roots publicness"
Citizen participation, social equity, social capital, cooperation, collaboration, etc.
How to conduct good employee counseling?
In private surroundings; never schedule when in a hurry; be direct; give an empolyee the opportunity to explain; keep an open mind; explore means that can overcome a performance shortcoming; remain calm; never take it as "discipline"; do not speak in punitive manner; thank the employee for seeing you
The traditional public administration ethics canon
Merit-based system, standardization, ethics rules, codes of professionalism, etc.
Civil Right Act of 1964
Established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and outlawed discrimination in hiring, firing, and compensation
Problems from spoils system
Elected public officials based on ties and connections "The practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters
Public values vs. Public goods
Public goods do not relate at all to the question of public values; Pricing efficiency; "Is it possible to exclude those who do not pay for the good?" vs "Have these public values endorsed by the social collective been provided or guaranteed?"
Performance budget
How much money is allocated to department x is determined by how well department x performs
"Publicness" vs "Government"
Special districts, private utilities, charter schools, quasi-governmental agencies, government corporations, etc. "privatizing" traditional governmental operations
Human Resource Elements (Additional concerns)
Creating and maintaining a diverse workforce; Affording workers a measure of power in the workplace; Enabling workers to fulfill and balance both work and family responsibilities; Enabling workers to hold their managers accountable for merit principles; Taking into account different ways of motivating workers; Identifying ways of fostering a culture of cooperation and teamwork in the workplace
Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883
Provided federal jobs based on merit through exams; made firing for political reasons unlawful; created the Civil Service Commision
External Goods
Achieved through ways other than engaging in practice For example, money, prestige, status, position, power, etc.; not shared by the community
Satisficing and Incrementalism
Lindblom (1959) argued that individuals do not follow the rational model when making decisions concerning policy
Woodrow Wilson
"Founder of Public Administration"
Chris Argyris (1957)
Argued that the formal organization - with its chain of command, span of control, and specialization - can create frustration and feelings of failure
Herbert Simon (1946)
"The Proverbs of Administration"
A brief history of public budgeting
Prior to 1921, Congress dominated the federal budgeting process Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 gave the executive branch a role in the budget process Taft Commission (1912) made recommendations to improve efficiency, including creating the Bureau of Budget (BOB) and Government Accountability Office (GAO) BOB was replaced by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in 1970 during the Nixon presidency
Systems theory
Organizations consist of inputs, processes, outputs, and feedback mechanisms
Maslow (1943) Hierarchy of Needs
That there is a hierarchy of needs, that is, lower-level needs (e.g., physiological and safety) must be satisfied in order to achieve higher-level needs (e.g., esteem and self-actualization)
Chester Barnard (1938)
Executives should offer monetary and non-monetary incentives
Section 15
(40 cards)