Section 1
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classic relativity
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Cards (190)
Section 1
(50 cards)
classic relativity
the study of relative velocities in situations where speeds are less than about 1% of the speed of light—that is, less than 3000 km/s
deceleration
acceleration in the opposite direction as velocity
angular momentum
A vector quantity defined as the product of rotational inertia and rotational velocity
free fall
the state of movement that results from gravitational force only
component
a piece of a vector that points in either the vertical or the horizontal direction
electrical charge
a property of matter that describes particles either as positive or negative and is measured with SI unit of Coulombs.
conservation of angular momentum
the angular momentum of a system must remain the same in the absence of an external force
angular acceleration
rate of change in angular velocity
acceleration
units of meters per second per second
amplitude
the maximum displacement of a medium from the rest position, the height of a wave's crest
crest
the highest point of a wave
displacement
the change in position of an object
coefficient of friction
the ratio of the force of friction to the normal force acting between two objects
dynamics
the study of how forces affect the motion of objects and systems
Hertz
SI unit of frequency
circuit
a path for an electrical current to flow through
centripetal acceleration
acceleration of an object toward the center of a curved or circular path
direct relationship
A relationship in which one variable increases with an increase in another variable.
centripetal force
a net force that is directed toward the center of a curved or circular path
distance
the total length of the paths traveled
antinode
A point of maximum amplitude on a standing wave
air resistance
a frictional force that slows the motion of objects as they travel through the air
Hertz
equal to 1 inverse second (s^-1)
free body diagram
a physical model representing only the forces acting on a system
average velocity
displacement divided by time over which displacement occurs
deceleration
acceleration that causes an object to slow down
elastic potential energy
The potential energy of an object that is stretched or compressed
independent variable
the variable that the dependent variable is measured with respect to
acceleration
change in velocity divided by change in time
independent variable
the variable that the scientist purposefully changes
Hooke's Law
The change in length of an ideal spring is directly proportional to the force stretching it
ammeter
A device used to measure current in a circuit
Elastic collision
A collision in which there is no loss of total kinetic energy
dependent variable
usually plotted along the y -axis
gravitational potential energy
Potential energy that depends on the height of an object above the Earth
force
a push or pull on an object with a specific magnitude and direction
dependent variable
the variable that is being measured
conservation of momentum
in a collision the magnitude and direction of the momentum of the system before the collision is equal to the magnitude and direction of the momentum of the system after the collision when there are no external forces acting on the system.
fundamental
the largest wavelength standing wave that fits the given parameters
gravitational field
a force field that exists in the space around every mass or group of masses
air resistance
this quantity is neglected in free fall
current
A flow of electric charge.
Impulse
Change in momentum
average speed
distance traveled divided by time during which motion occurs
Ampere
unit used to measure electric current
gravitational potential energy
Energy stored by objects due to their position relative to other masses.
acceleration
the rate of change of velocity
air resistance
this quantity is equal to an object's weight if the object is falling at terminal velocity
Coulomb
SI unit of electric charge
Hooke's Law
Spring force = spring constant * change in length
Section 2
(50 cards)
newtons
the SI unit for force
node
A point on a standing wave that has no displacement from the rest position
Newton's Second Law
the net force on a system is equal to the product of the acceleration and the mass of the system
motion map
representation of a system's motion with arrows marked with time intervals, velocity, and acceleration.
instantaneous speed
magnitude of instantaneous velocity
net force
The vector sum of all forces acting on a system
Joules
SI unit for work
mechanical energy
sum of the potential energy and kinetic energy in a system
perfectly inelastic collision
a collision where the two objects that collide stick together
independent variable
usually plotted along the x -axis
momentum
A vector quantity defined as the product of the mass and velocity of an object
normal force
The contact force exerted by a surface on another object in a perpendicular direction.
overtone
the second largest wavelength standing wave that fits the given parameters
Law of universal gravitation
All objects in the universe attract each other with a long range force of gravity
relative velocity
the velocity of an object as observed from a particular reference frame
Newton's First Law
A system remains at rest OR remains in motion at a constant speed unless acted on by a non-zero net force.
instantaneous acceleration
acceleration at a specific moment in time
moment of inertia
A system's resistance to rotation
momentum
has units of kg*m/s
Newton's Third Law
The force exerted on object A by object B is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the same force exerted on B by A.
Ohm
The SI unit of electric resistance
kinematics
the study of motion without considering its causes
magnitude
the length or size of a vector.
position time graph
the slope of this graph is velocity
projectile
an object that moves with an initial velocity and is influenced only by the effects of the gravitational force
mass
is measured in kilograms
Ohm's law
the product of the current and the resistance between to points in a circuit is equal to the voltage drop between the same two points in a circuit
indirect relationship
A relationship in which one variable increases with an decrease in another variable.
instantaneous velocity
velocity at a specific moment in time
range
the maximum horizontal distance that a projectile travels before hitting the ground
resistor
A circuit component that resists the flow of electrical current
Joules
SI unit for energy
position
where an object is located in a given reference frame
momentum
has units of N*s
kinetic energy
the energy an object has due to its motion
instantaneous velocity
the average velocity over an infinitely small time interval
magnitude
a description of how strong a vector quantity is without its direction
Power
the rate of doing work. change in energy divided by change in time
kinetic friction
Friction between moving surfaces
net torque
the vector sum of all the torques acting on a system
inelastic collision
A collision in which kinetic energy is not conserved
mass
A measure of the amount of matter in an object
period
The time taken for one complete oscillation
lever arm
distance from axis of rotation to the spot where force is applied
newtons
the SI unit for weight
moment of inertia
has units of kg*m^2
medium
The material through which a wave travels
position time graph
a system's position graphed as a function of time
resistance
A material's opposition to the flow of electric current.
parallel
A circuit that contains more than one path for current flow.
Section 3
(50 cards)
restoring force
any force that always acts to pull a system back toward equilibrium
work
Force exerted on an object that causes it to move. The product of force parallel to displacement.
uniform circular motion
the movement of an object at a constant speed around a circle with a fixed radius
tension
A pulling force
rotational equilibrium
when a system is changing its rotation. It has a constant or zero angular velocity
volt
The SI unit of potential difference that is equivalent to a Joule per Coulomb.
translational kinetic energy
The energy due to a system's motion from one location to another
simple pendulum
An object with a small mass (bob) suspended from a light wire or string of negligible mass
weight
A measure of the force of gravity on an object
slope
the rise divided by the run of a straight line
velocity
the rate of change of position with respect to time
translational equilibrium
net force acting on a system is zero
static equilibrium
a system is at rest
short circuit
An electrical connection that allows current to take a path with near-zero resistance instead of powering the intended circuit component.
velocity
speed in a given direction
speed
how quickly an object is moving without consideration of which direction the object is moving
torque
the product of the distance from axis of rotation to the spot where force is applied and the force exerted perpendicular to the axis of rotation
Watts
SI unit of power that is equivalent to 1 Joule per second
rotational kinetic energy
the kinetic energy of a system due to its rotation
static friction
Friction that acts between objects that are not moving
vector
a quantity that is described by both magnitude and direction and represented by an arrow
velocity time graph
this graph's slope is acceleration
velocity time graph
this graph's area is displacement
torque
The rotational analog of force that may cause rotation
velocity
units of meters per second
simple harmonic motion
motion that is repeated because displacement and restoring force are proportional
translational equilibrium
the system remains at rest or remains moving at a constant velocity
voltmeter
A device used to measure voltage, or potential difference
velocity time graph
a graph that plots a system's velocity as a function of time
conductor
A material that heat or electrons flows through easily
work
the transfer of energy that occurs when a force makes a system move
series
circuit components that are connected end to end so as to provide a single path of current.
wavelength
Horizontal distance between the crests or between the troughs of two adjacent waves
wave
a disturbance or vibration that transfers energy from one place to another without transferring matter
y-intercept
the point where a line crosses the vertical axis
system
A group of objects, masses, or a single object that are treated as one whole
capacitor
A circuit component used to store electrical charge.
capacitance
has units of Farads
spring constant
the measure of the strength of a spring that is equal to restoring force divided by displacement from equilibrium
scalar
a quantity with magnitude and no direction
capacitance
The ability of a conductor to store energy in the form of electrically separated charges. The ratio of an object's stored charge to its electric potential difference.
rotational equilibrium
When the net torque applied to a system is zero
trough
Lowest point of a wave
trajectory
the path of a projectile through the air
speed
units of meters per second
alpha particle
a helium nucleus. a particle with +2 elementary charge and mass number 4
voltage
a measure of the electrical potential difference between two points
spring constant
has units of N/m
simple harmonic motion
periodic motion that can be modeled by a sine-wave-shaped graph
resultant vector
the vector sum of two or more vectors
Section 4
(40 cards)