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How did patterson's study of the distribution of Tamias chipmunks serve as an example of competitive release?

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7 years ago

Date created

Mar 14, 2020

Cards (40)

Section 1

(40 cards)

How did patterson's study of the distribution of Tamias chipmunks serve as an example of competitive release?

Front

He found that when a species lived along on mountain ranges, it consistently occupied a broader range of habitats and elevations that when it lived with a competitor

Back

what is "diffuse competition" and its possible consequences for a species

Front

where species experience minimal competitive interactions. Can exclude species

Back

According to Pielou what are four conditions that must be met for competitive exclusion to occur?

Front

1: the competitors must remain genetically unchanged for a sufficiently long period for one species to exclude the other 2: immigrants from areas with different conditions cannot move into the population of the losing species 3: the environment must remain constant 4: competition must continue long enough for an equilibrium to be reached

Back

how did the fundamental niches differ between the species examined?

Front

one maintained the concentration at a level that was too low for the other to survive and reproduce

Back

interspecific competition

Front

competition between members of different species

Back

How might temporal separation promote coexistence in nature?

Front

Competitors can feed at different times. Grey squirrels feed at day and flying squirrels feed at night

Back

what is the probable role of character displacement in reducing competition between two species

Front

are able to go after different prey

Back

How might a predator promote coexistence between two potentially competing species?

Front

if predators hold both populations below their carrying capacities, then neither species might reach a level at which it can threaten the other

Back

What do alpha and beta represent in the lotka-volterra equation

Front

competition coefficients

Back

resource (exploitation) competition

Front

indirect inhibitory effects such as that arising from reduced availability of a resource that affects competing species' growth, reproduction or survivor ship

Back

how might environmental variability promote coexistence among competing species

Front

it fluctuates widely, the balance between competing species can be repeatedly shifted

Back

what is competitive release?

Front

The action of competition can come from the contraction of a fundamental niche in the presence of a competitor

Back

what does it mean when alpha is greater than 1

Front

the competitive effect of an individual of species 2 on the population growth rate of species 1 is greater than that of an individual of species 1

Back

which of the two species (Chthamalus or Balanus) has a broader fundamental niche?

Front

Chthamalus

Back

what are "fugitive species"

Front

r-selected colonizing species

Back

what did Connel mean by the "ghost of competition past?

Front

they may ave evolved niche differences that are not the result of current competition

Back

What type of competition was shown by Tilman's study?

Front

exploitation (Resource) competition

Back

How did Synedra competitively exclude Asterionella from the culture medium?

Front

one maintained the concentration at a level that was too low for the other to survive and reproduce

Back

what characteristic enabled Chthamalus to survive in the higher intertidal zone

Front

interference competition due to competition exclusion

Back

How might the formation of unpredictable gaps promote coexistence between two species?

Front

through the creation of gaps of unoccupied space via fires, landslides, wave action

Back

what happens to the population of species 1 inside of the zero growth curve? above curve?

Front

inside: population will increase Outside: population will decrease

Back

What do te L-V zero growth curves for species 1 and 2 represent and how are they determined

Front

represent equilibrium. Species 1: N1=K1-alpa(N2). Species 2: N2=K2-beta(N1)

Back

Given the L-V graph showing the zero growth curves for two species, determine the outcome of competition between the species

Front

-Species 1 might always win -Species 2 might always win -The outcome might be determined by initial numbers of species 1 or 2 -Both species might coexist in a stable equilibrium over time

Back

what type of competition was show by Connell's study

Front

interference competition

Back

intraspecific competition

Front

competition between members of the same species

Back

how did a predatory fish promote coexistence between the two species in Brook and Dodson's work with Daphnia

Front

Daphnia could filter large and small particulate matter using coded colored latex beads of various diameters. So larger species always wins in the competitive situation

Back

explain how Tilman's resource-ration hypothesis might explain coexistence among competing species

Front

It occurred only when silicate and phosphorous were limiting to both species

Back

what is resource partitioning

Front

organisms living in the same habitat may utilize different resources

Back

what is Huctinson's "paradox of the plankton" and how did he suggest a solution to the paradox

Front

Explain the observation that many species of planktonic algae frequently coexist in simple environments with little apparent opportunity for niche differentiation. Environment change, shifting the balance among different species

Back

What was the outcome of Gause's competition experiment with protozoans

Front

when grown together, one always drove the other to extinction

Back

how does niche differentiation promote coexistence between two species

Front

can prevent or reduce interspecific competition by concentrating competitive effects more within species

Back

what did they find in lakes that did not have the predatory fish?

Front

the larger zooplankton species exsts

Back

why was chthamalus restricted to a realized niche higher up the shoreline?

Front

tolerance to desiccation

Back

interference competition

Front

individuals interact directly with one another by physical force or intimidation

Back

what role can character displacement play in the evolution of reproductive isolating mechanisms

Front

breeding calls differ more in areas where they are in sympatry

Back

what is character displacement

Front

When a species competes for resources, natural selection may favor not only individuals that are superior competitors, but also individuals whose pattern of resource use differs from that of the competitor species

Back

Give a possible example of character displacement in nature

Front

galapagos finches: bill size on the islands on which they are sympatric

Back

Provide an example of coexistence due to resource cyanobacteria partitioning in nature

Front

different bill sizes and shapes allow finches to feed of different food sources

Back

how are the joint population trajectories of species 1 and 2 determined when both graphs are superimposed?

Front

vector addition

Back

how did the study by Stomp demonstrate resource partitioning in two species of cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea

Front

One drove the other to extinction depending on the wavelength. Under white light, they both persisted

Back