HRT2100 Final Exam

Which of the terms means the ability to make you sick today or tomorrow, after just one exposure?

a. chronic toxicity
b. acute toxicity
c. carcinogenicity
d. mutagenicity
e. teratogenicity

b. acute toxicity

Small pieces of DNA that bacteria clip from one organism and may inject into another organism (natural genetic engineering)

a. potato spindle virus
b. RoundUp-Ready
c. Plasmid
d. Bt
e. Not listed

c. Plasmid

Feeds on other insects, and may eat many in a lifetime

a. host
b. parasite
c. predator

c. predator

Allows the crop to survive being sprayed with a weed killer

a. potato spindle virus
b. RoundUp-Ready
c. Plasmid
d. Bt
e. Not listed

b. RoundUp-Ready

May have haustellate mouthparts

a. insects
b. mites
c. both insects and mites
d. neither

c. both insects and mites

Unless otherwise specified, you can assume that LD50 toxicity
studies are done on
a. mice
b. rats
c. rabbits
d. quail
e. all of these

b. rats

The pesticide DDT was first used
a. to control mosquitoes which carry malaria and yellow fever
b. to keep neighbor kids from stealing grapes in Bordeaux France
c. as a military weapon
d. as a nail polish remover
e. none of the above

a. to control mosquitoes which carry malaria and yellow fever

mites 

a. pest
b. disorder
c. disease
d. none of the above

a. pest

70. DDT is
a. extremely toxic to humans and other mammals
b. not particularly toxic to humans and other mammals
c. we did not discuss its human toxicity

b. not particularly toxic to humans and other mammals

The word “rasping” means (use #10 answers) 

a. mouthparts which scrape the surface, like a file or saw blade
b. piercing-sucking mouthparts
c. chewing mouthparts

a. mouthparts which scrape the surface, like a file or saw blade

The word “haustellate” means
a. mouthparts which scrape the surface, like a file or saw blade
b. piercing-sucking mouthparts
c. chewing mouthparts

b. piercing-sucking mouthparts

LD50 studies measure toxicity in

a. ounces per 100 pounds of body weight
b. mg A.I. (active ingredient) per g of animal body weight
c. mg A.I. per kg of body weight
d. percent body weight
e. It varies from one study to another

c. mg A.I. per kg of body weight

freeze injury

a. pest
b. disorder
c. disease
d. none of the above

b. disorder

knocking the bark off of a tree with a lawnmower

a. pest
b. disorder
c. disease
d. none of the above

b. disorder

Involves the gene that codes for "coat protein"

a. potato spindle virus
b. RoundUp-Ready
c. Plasmid
d. Bt
e. Not listed

a. potato spindle virus

The father of the founder of “Organic Gardening and Farming” magazine developed his/her concepts of the “goodness” of organic production based on
a. popular public opinion at the time
b. having read Silent Spring
c. developing the concepts on his/her own, as a religious belief, without any supporting data
d. data collected and published by the EPA
e. none of the above

c. developing the concepts on his/her own, as a religious belief, without any supporting data

In Dr. Manners' opinion, this one is being grossly misused in the U.S. rose industry, and will surely lead to identification problems in the future 

a. patent
b. copyright
c. trademark
d. not listed

c. trademark

Monkeys holding your hand represent

a. coherence
b. cohesion
c. adhesion
d. xylem walls
e. water molecules

c. adhesion

Uses antibodies from a rabbit

a Mme. Butterfly
b. Shirofugen cherry
c. ELISA
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

c. ELISA

Most often have 4 or 8 legs

a. insects
b. mites
c. both insects and mites
d. neither

b. mites

a. The plant is neither gaining nor losing chill units

Protects the name under which the plant is sold

a. copyrights
b. patents
c. trademarks
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

c. trademarks

Gives the owner absolute right to grow the plant. No one else can grow it without being licensed by the owner 

a. patent
b. copyright
c. trademark
d. not listed

a. patent

The father of the founder of “Organic Gardening and Farming” magazine developed his/her concepts of the “goodness” of organic production based on
a. popular public opinion at the time
b. having read Silent Spring
c. belief in the Biodynamics Movement, founded by Rudolph Steiner, as a religious concept with no data to back it up
d. data collected and published by the EPA
e. none of the above

c. belief in the Biodynamics Movement, founded by Rudolph Steiner, as a religious concept with no data to back it up

Lasts 20 years, and then ends. It cannot be renewed

a. patent
b. copyright
c. trademark
d. not listed

a. patent

The pesticide to blame for the problem mentioned in fewer brown pelicans was
a. thalidomide
b. DDT
c. malathion
d. agent orange
e. not listed

b. DDT

community colleges

a. would lose their Federal funding if they taught agriculture
b. must teach agriculture, under Federal law
c. are exempt from the Land-Grant act, so can teach agriculture if they like 

c. are exempt from the Land-Grant act, so can teach agriculture if they like 

Florida’s 1890 school is

a. USF (University of South Florida)
b. FAMU (Florida A&M University)
c. FSU (Florida State University)
d. UF (University of Florida)
e. FSC (Florida Southern College)

b. FAMU (Florida A&M University)

1890 schools

a. would lose their Federal funding if they taught agriculture
b. must teach agriculture, under Federal law
c. are exempt from the Land-Grant act, so can teach agriculture if they like 

b. must teach agriculture, under Federal law

The basic “body” of a fungus, consisting of a string of cells, one-cell thick, is a
a. mycelium
b. hypha
c. mitochondrion
d. spore
e. not listed

b. hypha

During the day, the pressure inside the xylem at the base of a tree trunk
a. is about the same as normal atmospheric pressure
b. is much less than normal atmospheric pressure (it’s under suction)
c. is much more than normal atmospheric pressure (it’s under pressure)
d. it varies from one tree species to another, and how tall the tree is
e. no one knows; this is the 16th greatest mystery in the universe

b. is much less than normal atmospheric pressure (it’s under suction)

a fungus infection

a. pest
b. disorder
c. disease
d. none of the above

c. disease

Protects the plant itself, from unauthorized propagation

a. copyrights
b. patents
c. trademarks
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

b. patents

Names such as "Ford," "Chevrolet," "Cheerios" are protected by these.

a. copyrights
b. patents
c. trademarks
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

c. trademarks

As currently practiced, the "carbon footprint" (amount of CO2 produced per acre of land or per pound of product) of organic products
a. is lower than conventional production -- it is truly "green."
b. is about the same as conventional production
c. is far greater than in conventional production
d. varies so much that no such conclusion can be made

c. is far greater than in conventional production

Which of the terms means the ability of the substance to cause illness after many years of repeated exposure?

a. chronic toxicity
b. acute toxicity
c. carcinogenicity
d. mutagenicity
e. teratogenicity

a. chronic toxicity

Protects a brand name (Chevrolet, Nabisco, Budweiser)

a. patent
b. copyright
c. trademark
d. not listed

c. trademark

too much fertilizer 

a. pest
b. disorder
c. disease
d. none of the above

b. disorder

Which of the terms means the ability of the substance to cause cancer?

a. chronic toxicity
b. acute toxicity
c. carcinogenicity
d. mutagenicity
e. teratogenicity

c. carcinogenicity

Originally developed for MacDonald's, but not currently being used

a. potato spindle virus
b. RoundUp-Ready
c. Plasmid
d. Bt
e. Not listed

a. potato spindle virus

The single most important genetic modification in agriculture (i.e., more acres, more crops, more dollar value involved)

a. potato spindle virus
b. RoundUp-Ready
c. Plasmid
d. Bt
e. Not listed

b. RoundUp-Ready

73. Rose mosaic virus is
a. deadly to roses
b. damaging to production, but not deadly
c. not pretty when symptoms are present, but does no other damage

b. damaging to production, but not deadly

A clump of the strands mentioned in #29 may form a more complex structure (e.g. a mushroom, or mold on bread), known as a

a. mycelium
b. hypha
c. mitochondrion
d. spore
e. not listed

a. mycelium

Rose mosaic is
a. highly contagious on pruning equipment
b. spread by insects
c. spread rose-to-rose via pollen
d. all of the above have been demonstrated
e. none of the above has been demonstrated

e. none of the above has been demonstrated

The monkeys themselves  represent

a. coherence
b. cohesion
c. adhesion
d. xylem walls
e. water molecules

e. water molecules

Is there any scientific evidence to support the idea that pesticides in current use increase the rates of cancer in the USA?
a. yes
b. no

b. no

nematodes 

a. pest
b. disorder
c. disease
d. none of the above

c. disease

May have mandibulate mouthparts

a. insects
b. mites
c. both insects and mites
d. neither

a. insects

The word "mandibulate" means
a. mouthparts which scrape the surface, like a file or saw blade
b. piercing-sucking mouthparts
c. chewing mouthparts

c. chewing mouthparts

c. The plant is gaining chill units at a rate of one unit per hour

There is much concern among the public about genetically modified crops. Which of the following best describes the truth for which we have scientific evidence?
a. People are dying right and left. The world is coming to a swift end. They're killing us all!
b. There is little evidence at the moment for damage by GMOs, but it's just a matter of time -- they will be big problems in the future.
c. To date, no genetically modified crop has become disastrous, but we really don't know what might happen.
d. We know exactly how the genes being transferred work.  They are recipes. They don't cause surprises -- EVER. Either they work exactly as we expected, or they do nothing at all.  There is no possibility of a third choice.

d. We know exactly how the genes being transferred work.  They are recipes. They don't cause surprises -- EVER. Either they work exactly as we expected, or they do nothing at all.  There is no possibility of a third choice.

May have wings

a. insects
b. mites
c. both insects and mites
d. neither

a. insects

Allows the control of caterpillars without spraying insecticides

a. potato spindle virus
b. RoundUp-Ready
c. Plasmid
d. Bt
e. Not listed

d. Bt

The Land Grant Act was signed into law by

a. George Washington
b. Ronald Reagan
c. Bill Clinton
d. Ulysses S. Grant
e. Abraham Lincoln

e. Abraham Lincoln

Florida’s Land Grant school is
a. USF (University of South Florida)
b. FAMU (Florida A&M University)
c. FSU (Florida State University)
d. UF (University of Florida)
e. FSC (Florida Southern College)

d. UF (University of Florida)

As currently practiced, the "carbon footprint" (amount of CO2 produced per acre of land or per pound of product) of organic products

a. is lower than conventional production -- it is truly "green."
b. is about the same as conventional production
c. is far greater than in conventional production
d. varies so much that no such conclusion can be made

c. is far greater than in conventional production

land grant schools

a. would lose their Federal funding if they taught agriculture
b. must teach agriculture, under Federal law
c. are exempt from the Land-Grant act, so can teach agriculture if they like 

b. must teach agriculture, under Federal law

The company that has produced most of the genetically modified crops is
a. Bayer
b. Syngenta
c. Abbott
d. Monsanto
e. Chevron

d. Monsanto

non-land-grant State universities

a. would lose their Federal funding if they taught agriculture
b. must teach agriculture, under Federal law
c. are exempt from the Land-Grant act, so can teach agriculture if they like 

a. would lose their Federal funding if they taught agriculture

A plant that goes into "rest" (citrus trees)
a. is cold-hardy year-round
b. is cold-hardy once the leaves change color in the fall
c. is cold hardy after the first frost
d. slowly builds hardiness 2-3 weeks after chilly (but non-freezing) temperatures
e. one of the above

d. slowly builds hardiness 2-3 weeks after chilly (but non-freezing) temperatures

Thalidomide (remember the example of my childhood friend who played baseball without fingers) is an example of a
a. carcinogen
b. teratogen
c. mutagen
d. none of the above

b. teratogen

when a plant is struck by lightning

a. pest
b. disorder
c. disease
d. none of the above

b. disorder

d. The plant is gaining chill units, but at less than one unit per hour

Feeds on other insects, but only eats one in its lifetime

a. host
b. parasite
c. predator

b. parasite

private schools (e.g., FSC)

a. would lose their Federal funding if they taught agriculture
b. must teach agriculture, under Federal law
c. are exempt from the Land-Grant act, so can teach agriculture if they like 

c. are exempt from the Land-Grant act, so can teach agriculture if they like 

If you applied 8 lb of a pesticide with a half life of three days, how long would it be until only 1 lb remained?
a. four days
b. fifteen days
c. six days
d. nine days
e. there is no way to know, from the information given

d. nine days

A plant with true dormancy (apple, maple)
a. is cold-hardy year-round
b. is cold-hardy once the leaves change color in the fall
c. is cold hardy after the first frost
d. slowly builds hardiness 2-3 weeks after chilly (but non-freezing) temperatures
e. one of the abov

c. is cold hardy after the first frost

72. By inventing Bordeaux mixture in the 1800s, the French wine
grape grower accidentally invented the first
a. insecticide
b. fungicide
c. herbicide (weed killer)
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

d. all of the above

rose mosaic virus

a. pest
b. disorder
c. disease
d. none of the above

c. disease

The law that created the Land Grant system is more properly named

a. The big schools act
b. The Morrill Act
c. The Universities Act
d. The Federal Land Act
e. None of the above, it is officially the "Land Grant Act"

b. The Morrill Act

To control them, you might use an acaricide

a. insects
b. mites
c. both insects and mites
d. neither

b. mites

Your fingers represent

a. coherence
b. cohesion
c. adhesion
d. xylem walls
e. water molecules

d. xylem walls

b. The plant is losing chill units

Silent Spring was written because the author observed
a. frog populations dying off
b. fewer weeds in the garden
c. more mosquitoes in the area
d. fewer brown pelicans
e. none of the above

d. fewer brown pelicans

May have rasping mouthparts

a. insects
b. mites
c. both insects and mites
d. neither

a. insects

60. Organic Gardening and Farming magazine was founded and edited by
a. Rachel Carson
b. Robert Rodale
c. Melvin Calvin (I shook his hand!)
d. Barbara McClintock
e. Abraham Lincoln

b. Robert Rodale

If a plant has one of these, when you "buy" it, you are really just buying the owner's permission for it to grow on your property; you do not own the plant.

a. copyrights
b. patents
c. trademarks
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

b. patents

The chemical/physical theory of how a tree lifts water says that the
maximum limit to which a tree could grow (theoretically) would be around
a. 200 feet
b. 300 feet
c. 400 feet
d. 500 feet
e. 600 feet

e. 600 feet

If a pesticide has an LD50 of 15 and another material has an LD50 of 1500, which one is safer to handle (less toxic)?
a. the LD50 15
b. the LD50 1500

b. the LD50 1500

The “LD50” of a material is best for estimating this

a. chronic toxicity
b. acute toxicity
c. carcinogenicity
d. mutagenicity
e. teratogenicity

b. acute toxicity

71. Most biologists would consider a virus to be
a. alive
b. not living

b. not living

The method that uses a hypersensitive index plant on which the tissue dies and oozes a sticky, gummy sap from the wound.

a Mme. Butterfly
b. Shirofugen cherry
c. ELISA
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

b. Shirofugen cherry

Unless otherwise specified, you can assume that LD50 studies are done on
a. female animals only
b. male animals only
c. both sexes

b. male animals only

Tend to be very small, often difficult to see without magnification

a. insects
b. mites
c. both insects and mites
d. neither

b. mites

a. The plant is neither gaining nor losing chill units

Protects printed photos and descriptions

a. copyrights
b. patents
c. trademarks
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

a. copyrights

The organism being eaten (the victim) 

a. host
b. parasite
c. predator

a. host

The tallest tree now living in the world is
a. not quite 200 feet tall
b. not quite 300 feet tall
c. not quite 400 feet tall
d. well over 500 feet tall
e. at least 700 feet tall.

c. not quite 400 feet tall

The source of energy to move water up through the xylem of the trunk
of the tree is
a. pressure created by the roots burning carbohydrate
b. solar energy, heating the leaves
c. solar energy, heating the trunk
d. carbohydrate energy being burned by the leaves or roots
e. no one knows. It’s one of the 17 greatest mysteries of the universe

b. solar energy, heating the leaves

The Federal land grant law requires three things from the
university. Which of these is not mandated by that law?
a. extension
b. research
c. education
d. great football

d. great football

Done in the FSC greenhouses. Looks for bright line-pattern symptoms 

a Mme. Butterfly
b. Shirofugen cherry
c. ELISA
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

a Mme. Butterfly

Monkeys holding other monkeys' hands represent

a. coherence
b. cohesion
c. adhesion
d. xylem walls
e. water molecules

b. cohesion

The book Silent Spring was written by 
a. Rachel Carson
b. Robert Rodale
c. Melvin Calvin (I shook his hand!)
d. Barbara McClintock
e. Abraham Lincoln

a. Rachel Carson

If the U.S. were to switch totally to organic food production, and maintain our current rate of productivity, the total acreage of land in cultivation would
a. decrease
b. increase
c. stay about the same

b. increase (it would require more land than actually exists)

Is there any scientific evidence that organically grown food is
safer for you than conventionally grown?
a. yes
b. no

b. no

Can tell exactly which virus is involved (differentiates between PNRSV and ApMV)

a Mme. Butterfly
b. Shirofugen cherry
c. ELISA
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

c. ELISA

bacteria

a. pest
b. disorder
c. disease
d. none of the above

c. disease

Which of the terms means the ability of the substance to cause birth defects if the mother is exposed while pregnant? 

a. chronic toxicity
b. acute toxicity
c. carcinogenicity
d. mutagenicity
e. teratogenicity

e. teratogenicity

From the time Bordeaux Mixture was discovered in the 1860s until the
1940s is known as the _______________ era of pesticide use.
a. Rap
b. Hip hop
c. Classic Rock
d. Heavy Metal
e. Smooth Jazz

d. Heavy Metal

In MMM’s opinion, is being misused in the horticultural business

a. copyrights
b. patents
c. trademarks
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

c. trademarks

Means the ability to cause genetic mutations, which could be inherited by the kids you have in the distant future?

a. chronic toxicity
b. acute toxicity
c. carcinogenicity
d. mutagenicity
e. teratogenicity

d. mutagenicity

Lasts 20 years and cannot be renewed 

a. copyrights
b. patents
c. trademarks
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

b. patents

May have up to 8 simple eyes but no compound eyes

a. insects
b. mites
c. both insects and mites
d. neither

b. mites

If you applied 16 lb of a pesticide with a half life of four days, how long would it be until only 1 lb remained?

a. four days
b. fifteen days
c. sixteen days
d. nine days
e. there is no way to know, from the information given

c. sixteen days