Section 1
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Epidemic Curve
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Last updated
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Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (59)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Epidemic Curve
histogram of the number of cases against the time of onset of disease
Case-Control Study
one type of epidemiological study design used to identify factors that may contribute to a medical condition by comparing a group of patients who have that condition with a group of patients who do not
Clinical-Onset Serial Interval
the average time between symptom onset in an index case and a secondary case(s)
Proportion
ratio where the numerator is included in the denominator
Prevalence
fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time
Incidence Rate
number of people contracting a disease during a time period at risk (person time)
Bias
prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair
Analytic Epidemiology
testing a specific hypothesis about the relationship of a disease to a putative cause, by conducting an epidemiologic study that relates the exposure of interest to the disease of interest.
Secondary Prevention
focuses on early identification of individuals or communities experiencing illness, providing treatment, and conducting activities that are geared to prevent worsening health status
Incidence
number of new cases
Incubation Period
time from exposure until the onset of disease
Kaplan-Meier Method
estimates survival function: uses survival times to estimate the proportion of people who would survive a given length of time under the same circumstances
Continuous Source
exposure is continuous or intermittent
Index Case
the first case in a defined outbreak that is recognized by public health authorities
Information Bias
bias due to the procedures used to collect or analyze information that results in misclassification of exposure and/or outcome status.
Cross-Sectional Study
type of observational study that analyzes data from a population, or a representative subset, at a specific point in time; a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
Selection Bias
bias due to the procedures used to select study subjects and from factors that influence study participation
3 Properties of a Confounder
must be associated with exposure, must be associated with the outcome, must not be an intermediate variable in the causal pathway
Propagated Source
person to person transmission
Endemic
a disease that is constantly present to a greater or lesser degree in people of a certain class or in people living in a particular location
Primary Prevention
efforts to prevent an injury or illness from ever occurring
Observed Survival
an estimate of the probability of surviving all causes of death for a specified time interval (life tables)
5 year survival rate
the percentage of patients who are alive 5 years after treatment begins or 5 years after diagnosis
Descriptive Epidemiology
examining the distribution of a disease in a population, and observing the basic features of its distribution in terms of time, place, and person
3 Critical Factors in Measuring Frequency of Disease
number of people affected by disease, size of population that give rise to cases, length of follow up time for the population
Epidemiology
the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states and events in populations and the application of this study to control of health problems
Epidemic
the occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy
Counts
individual number of cases
Ratio
relationship between two numbers
Cumulative Incidence
the risk of developing a disease over a defined period
Death/Person Years
number of deaths per person years
Case Fatality Rate
the proportion of persons diagnosed with a specific disease who die from that disease
Attack Rate
among a group of exposed susceptible hosts, the proportion who develop a certain illness
Bradford Hill Criteria
a set of criteria that are used to establish cause-and-effect relationships based on observational studies (that is, the criteria used when randomized experiments are not feasible or ethical) •Strength of the association, Consistency/Replication, Specificity, Temporality, Biological gradient (Dose-response relationship), (Biologic) Plausibility, Coherence, Experiment, Analogy
Confounder
a variable that causes confusion, or mixing of effects; the effect of the exposure is mixed together with the effect of another variable.
Herd Immunity
indirect protection from infectious disease that occurs when a large percentage of the population is immune (e.g., through vaccination)
Point Source
outbreak limited to one place and time
Primary Case
person who firstbrings a disease into a group of people (often only determined in retrospect)
Tertiary Prevention
aims to prevent the long-term consequences of a chronic illness or disability and to support optimal functioning
Cohort Study
A type of epidemiologic study where a group of exposed individuals (individuals who have been exposed to the potential risk factor) and a group of non-exposed individuals are followed over time to determine the incidence of disease
Relative Survival
observed survival in people with disease/expected survival if disease were absent
Sufficient & Necessary Cause Framework
if a variable is enough to cause a disease
Secondary Case
cases who were infected by the index case (i.e., same disease/strain)
Rate
proportion with the specification of time
Point Prevalence
proportion of the population affected by the disease at a given point in time
Median Survival
Length of time that one-half of the study population survives.
Randomized Clinical Trial
randomly chosen subjects used in control and experimental groups to test an independent variable
Period Prevalence
proportion of the population affected by the disease over a period of time
Ecological Study
a study in which the units of analysis are populations or groups of people rather than individuals
Basic Reproductive Number
is the average number of secondary cases a primary case generates Infection will spread in the population if R0> 1 Infection will die out in the population if R0< 1 Infection will reach an endemic phase if R0= 1
Section 2
(9 cards)