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AP Chemistry

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Section 1

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What is an Atom?

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1 / 48

Chemistry Science

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Mar 1, 2020

Cards (48)

Section 1

(48 cards)

What is an Atom?

Front

An atom is the smallest fundamental particle of matter that contains its own properties.

Back

Modern Atom

Front

the identity of atoms are determined by the number of protons ( atomic # ( Z #) )

Back

Dalton's Atomic Theory (Hard Sphere Theory)

Front

the modern description of matter States: * all matter is composed of hard indestructible spheres called atoms atom of the same elements are the same while atoms of different elements differ in a fundamental way. chem. compounds are produced when atoms of diff. atoms combine in specific mass ratios unique to the compound * chem. reactions occur when atoms are reorganized and rebound with no changes in the atoms themselves - est. first table of atomic masses (most were wrong)

Back

Elementary Treatise on Chemistry

Front

summary of all known chemical knowledge at that point in time (1789)

Back

Alchemists tried...

Front

to make gold through chemistry

Back

Polyatomic Ions

Front

Back

Nuclear Model

Front

Atoms are composed of mainly empty space with a small positively charged center called a nucleus, surrounded by negatively charged electrons

Back

Imperical formula

Front

chemical formula that gives the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound * lowest terms

Back

monoatomic ions

Front

have an -ide suffix added to nonmetal roots

Back

Molecular formula

Front

chemical formula that gives the exact number of atoms present in each compound

Back

Law of Multiple Proportions

Front

if multiple compounds can be produced by a set of elements, the ratio of elements varies by whole numbers ** This occurs because the number of atoms, which were not yet discovered, varied by whole numbers

Back

Isotopic Name

Front

* write element name * place hyphen/dash * write mass #

Back

Joseph Gay-Lussac

Front

1. studied volume changes associated with gaseous chemical reactions under constant conditions * used law of def. prop. & law of mult. prop. 2. observed that gases react in specific ratio

Back

polyatomic ions...

Front

keep their original name

Back

Model

Front

Simplified presentation of something * space filling model * ball and stick

Back

+/-

Front

gaining - losing +

Back

atomic mass

Front

relative mass of an element measured in AMU's

Back

Robert Boyle

Front

1. first true quantitative experimenter 2. est. the idea of elements

Back

Anions & Names

Front

H- Hydride F- Fluoride Cl - Chloride Br - Bromide I - Iodide O 2- Oxide S 2- Sulfide N 3- Nitride P 3- Phosphide

Back

AMU

Front

atomic mass units (1/12 mass of a carbon-12 isotope)

Back

Demokritus & Leucippos

Front

Matter is composed of tiny indivisible objects called "Atomos".

Back

Atomic Mass

Front

weighted average mass of all isotopes in an element * Fractional Abundance (mass #) + FA + FA...

Back

Amedeo Avagadro

Front

** Avagadro's Hypothesis 1. used Gay -Lussac's data and Law of Def. Prop. to predict that the volume of a gas must be directly related to the number of particles in said gas

Back

Joseph Proust

Front

* father of analytical chemistry 1. studied the composition of elements in compounds

Back

isotope

Front

atoms of the same element with differing mass numbers * same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

Back

covalent compound

Front

(molecular) atoms are held together by electrons being "shared" within overlapped outer shells * formed between non-metals * identified by 1st element being a non-metal - naming: > first element keeps name >second elements root gets -ide ending > use Greek prefixes to indicate the number of atoms present * Never place mono on the first element *

Back

Georg Stahl & Joseph Priestly

Front

1. intensely studied combustion 2. * Priestly discovered oxygen (dephlogisticated air)

Back

John Dalton

Front

*stimulated by Proust's work 1. Law of Multiple Proportions

Back

Ernest Rutherford

Front

1. conducted Gold Foil Experiment 2. discovered * atoms are mainly empty space * they have a massive center * they are positively charged

Back

Antoine Lavoisier

Front

* complete stud 1. studied chemical reactions 2. took careful measurements

Back

anode

Front

positive charge, attracts anions

Back

Element is..

Front

groups of atoms with the exact same chemical properties * atoms of the same type * contains the same number of protons and electrons, but may differ in the number of neutrons

Back

JJ Thomson

Front

1. idea of an atom made sense from previous work of other scientists 2. studied cathode rays 3. observed deflection of rays by electric & magnetic fields ** m/e = -1.766 x 10^8 c/g

Back

Law of Definite Proportions

Front

the mass ratio of elements in a compound must always be constant (conversion factor)

Back

Common Type 2 Cations

Front

Fe 3+ / Fe 2+ Cu 2+ / Cu + Co 3+ / Co 2+ Sn 4+ / Sn 2+ Pb 4+ / Pb 2+ Hg 2+ / Hg2 2+ (Mercury I) Ag + Zn 2+ Cd 2+

Back

atoms are...

Front

electrically charged due to the gain or loss of electrons

Back

polyatomic cations...

Front

keep their metal name * divalent cations must be specifically named (ous/ic)

Back

ionic compound

Front

compound held together by electrostatic attractions getting between oppositely charged ions

Back

Mass Number

Front

sum of all nucleons ( protons & neutrons)

Back

compounds are...

Front

chemical combinations of two or more elements

Back

Isotopic Symbol

Front

* write symbol of element * place atomic # in lower Left side * top left corner is mass number * number of neutrons = protons - electrons

Back

1 mole =

Front

22.4 L @ STP /// 6.02 x 10^23 /// 1 AMU

Back

ion

Front

variation of an element/atom

Back

Cations & Names

Front

H+ Hydrogen Li + Lithium Na + Sodium K + Potassium Cs + Cesium Be 2+ Beryllium Mg 2+ Magnesium Ca 2+ Calcium Ba 2+ Barium Al 3+ Aluminum

Back

Robert Millikan

Front

1. conducted oil drop experiment 2. determined mass and change of electron mass = 9.109 x 10^3 kg change = 1.6 x 10^-19 coulombs (-1 fundamental charge)

Back

Law of Conservation of Mass

Front

the amount of mass in any chemical process must remain constant

Back

cathode

Front

negative charge, attracts cations

Back

electrons...

Front

determine all chemical properties * found outside nuceus * ignorable mass *-1 charge

Back