Section 1
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Isaac Newton
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Cards (118)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Isaac Newton
1642-1727. English mathematician. depended on accurate observation and mathematical reasoning. In 1687 wrote mathematical principles of natural philosophy. expanded on law of gravitation. explained flow of tides. synthesis of astronomy and mechanics
Peace of Westphalia
attempt to end 30 yrs war in 1648, which laid foundation of independent and competing states in Europe to see each other as soveirgn and equal. actually did not stop fighting but minor conflicts came
African Diaspora
dispersal of African people and their descendants. had left a permanent mark throughout Western Hemisphere. Most slaves went to tropical and subtropical regions.5% went to NA which imported more females than SA and Indies. 1500-1800s
mestizos
mix of European and native descent. migrants to Iberian colonies were mostly men. 85% or more! bc of this they interacted with indigenous women. EX: doña marina and Hernan cortes gave birth to one. esp in brazil
Kongo
Central African kingdom that emerged in the 1300s. A centralized state with overseeing military, judicial and finical affairs. a prtugues fleet initiated trade with the kongo. kings, like Alfonso I converted to Chritsianity, however the Portuguese began slave raiding and decapitated the king
maroons
runaway slaves. it was a form of resistance gathered in remote regions and built their own self governing community. many had military experience In Africa. community flourished. Lindsay calls it coffees.
baracoons
like a concentration camp to await European ships arrival on the African coasts. dehumanizing experiment like branding, renaming and living in terror of what is to come
audiencas
university educated lawyers in a court. This was a check held by the kings of Spain against viceroys in Latin America during the conquests of Iberian empires.
Putting out system
capitalist entrepreneurs moved production into countryside. there they delivered unfinished materials to rural households. these rural families would weave it intogarmets. then entrepreneurs would pick it up and market it for profit to counterattack guilds who monopolized prodcution
Charles I
King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649
absolutism
political philosophy that stressed the divine right theory of kingship: the French king Louis XIV was the classic example. kings derived authority from God. King made law and determined policy
Songhay
1464-1591 emerged as a dominant power in Western Africa. based in Gao. Sunni Ali ruler and he consolidated Songhay empire and instituted hierarchy of command. emperors were all muslim and built islamic university in Timbuktu. Crumbled into small city-sates and Atlantic trade worked against them
Motecuzoma II
emperor of aztec empire. died in 1520 during a dispute between Spanish and residents of tenochtitlan. Cortes starved city into surrender
Anabaptists
radical reformation in 1527. laid down the principles such as rebaptism and that you should be baptized in adulthood. Practices of 1. No hierarchy 2. Pacifism 3. No swearing Oaths 4. Morality police in communities
F. Pizzaro
led Spanish expedition to Peru in 1530, took inca capital at Cuzco. spared inca ruler Atahualpa until he delivered gold, then decapitated him and looted the temples
Manchus
proclaimed Qing dynasty in 1644. Portrayed themselves as avengers who saved the capital from dangerous rebels. most of them were pastoral nomads. seized Korea and Mongolia. Outlawed intermarriages and forbade Chinese to travel to Manchuria. forced men to shave
Magellan
1519-1522. Portuguese Navigator. Took a pacific expledition to reach Asia. sailed through treacherous strait of magellan. sailed 4 months before finding Guam. many fell to scurvy. he died in a dispute in the phillpines. only 18 men returned and 1 ship
James Cook
1728-1779. English navigatorled 3 expeditions to the Pacific and died in a political dispute in Hawaii. Charted Australia and NZ on the map. Probed frigid waters of the Arctic Ocean. helped European get better understanding of worlds ocean and people.
astrolabe
determined latitude. simplified version of an instrument used by Greek and Persian astronomers to measure the angle of the sun. developed to find Mecca.
encomienda system
system that gave Spanish settlers (ecomenderos) the right to compel the indigenous ppls of the americas to work in mines of fields in return for welfare and christianity. overworked them. recruited Tainos.
mulattoes
Born of European and African parents. Brazil had a large group of Mulattoes due to lack of European women. bottom of social class
Peter I
Ramanov tsar. Peter the Great reigned from 1682-1725. Had a desire to transform russia into a great military power like Western Europe. took a party through Germany and England on a tour to learn abt Western Europe, behaved crudely by consuming beer. he did transfer russia into a huge military power thru extensive training and study of mathematics. built st Petersburg as a seaport
A. d' Alboquerque
architect commander of Portuguese forces in the Indian Ocean. Seized Gao and Malaka in early 1500s. Sought to control Indian Ocean trade by forcing all merchant ships to purchase safe conduct passes, wo them ppl were punished. this failed bc Portuguese did not have enough vessels.
Martin Luther
wrote 95 theses in Wittenburg in 1517 because he had issues w Catholic Church. some Gucci things he wanted 1. Why do priests gotta be celibate!??! 2. Reduction of sacraments to Baptism and Communion bc sacraments had to follow certain criteria like visible sign, instituted thro christ, and valid for only christians bye marriage 3. stop with the indulgences-excused penance 4. no pope as figure head sorrz Francis 5. closing of monasteries sorrz Galileo 6. translation of bible to vernacular languages sola fide sola gratia sola scripture sadly he was excommunicated in 1520
Matteo Ricci
Catholic Missionary and scientist who tried to awe Chinese emperor with chiming mechanical clocks between the 1580s-1600s. clocks symbolized trade and engagement. did not have the effect Ricci desire
Calicut
trading post on the coast of India built in 1498 by Vasco da Gama. Offered spices, gold, rubies, cotton and emeralds.
Manilla Galleons
large, multi decked stable sailing ships used by europeans for war/ commerce. regularly plied waters of the pacific from manilla and Acapulco mexico
Predestination
concept adopted by John Calvin god had already determined the individuals who will be saved "the elect"
Witch Hunts
most destructive violence in Europe besides wars. during the 1500-1600s. fueled by social and religious tensions, prominent esp around Rhineland where protestants and catholic tensions were high. theologians believed some ppl worshipped devil. most of the victims were poor, widowed women who were outcasts. 60k died
Charles V
Became emperor of HRE in 1519. inherited Hasburg kingdom. Did not extend authority throughout Europe bc he had to deal with Lutheran movements. In 1556 he abdicated his throne and retired to Spanish because he of domestic and foreign probs
Catherine the Great
Reigned absolutist russia 1762-1796. worked to make russia a great power, even improved conditions of the oppressed by restricting punishments. faced trial in 1773 bc Pugachev raised a rebellion
Nzinga
queen of Angola. reigned 1623-1663.led spirited resistance against Portuguese forces. dressed as a man and wanted to be called king. aim was to drive Portuguese and dutch and created central empire.
Joint-stock company
important to capitalist society. large trading companies such as English East India and Voc (1600 and 1602) were dominant . organized commercial ventures on a large scale. principal foundation of global economy where individuals invested in trading venture and could earn profits
Columbian Exchange
global diffusion of plants, food crops, animals, human pop and disease pathogens between 1500 and 1800s due to European Mariners. For ex americas got the horse, china got maize and potatoes and Mexico suffered from smallpox. Declined pop by 90%
Potosí
mine site in andes. contained a large vein of silver in 1545. had a bommin population of 150,000 Spanish used mita system
Hacienda
estate. prominent site of agriculture and craft production in Spanish America, which produced goods for sale to local markets. was a symbol of prestige
Constitutional States
England-- constitutional monarchy. political disputes between Parliament and Anglican King. For ex: Charles I. William of Orange and Maryprovided kings would rule in cooperation with Parliament Netherlands-- republic based off representatives. Constitutional states allowed entrepreneurs to pursue economic interest with minimal interference from authority.
philip II
King of Spain from 1556-1598. tried to suppress an increasing Calvinist movement in Netherlands in 1560. Miguel Lopez named Philippines after him in 1565. sent Spanish Armada against England.
Huguenots
French Protestants who came to follow teachings of John Calvin. Edict of Nantes freed them from persecution in France. hundred fled to other countries
engenho
Brazilian sugar mill. symbolized the entire complex world of sugar production. Brutal business that typically lost 5-10% of slaves annually. Helped keep demand high for slaves
Richeliue
prominent church official who served as a chief minister to king Louis XIII. strong advocate for absolutism. undermined power of nobility and enhanced authority of king. staffed bureaucracy loyal to king.
Alfonso
king of the congo 1506-1542. became a devout catholic and sought to convert his subjects to christianity. studied bible zealously. began trade with portuguese. was decapitated by portuguese
Peninsulares
officials from Iberian peninsula. these stood at top if social hierarchy in colonies, then creoles, then mestizos
Middle Passage
transatlantic journey abroad in filthy and crowded conditions. Conditions so bad slaves tried to starve themselves. journey took 4-6 wks. In early days, mortality exceeds 50% then declined to 5%. crew had higher mortality
mita system
Inca practice of a draft labor. recruit workers for dangerous jobs, like silver mining. Spanish adopted this in mid 1500s where native villages had to send 1/7 of its male pop to work for 4 months in Potosí
95 theses
Oct 31 1917 a document written by Luther denouncing Catholic CHurch's sale of indulgences. news spread instantly with printing press. church officials judged his views as erroneous and excommunicated him in 1520
Ramanovs
Russian dynasty founded by Mikhail and ended with Nicolas II. 1610-1917. won support of nobles by ensuring them laborers would be available to work their estates
John Calvin
French lawyer. In 1536, he wrote the book Institutes on the christian religion. Differed from Luther in that he believed in predestination. Shared Zwingli's idea of austerity. Calvinism was popular in France and Geneva
Peace of Augsburg
first permanent legal basis for the coexistence of lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany in 1555. Declared that whoever's territory you live in, then that person's religion you adopted. worked well in Germany bc it was divide in to 595 diff states
Antonian Movement
influential syncretic cult in Kongo. flourished in the 1700s. began with Doña Beatriz who said st. Anthony possessed her. she worked miracles and cured diseases. taught JC was black and heaven was for Africans. Missionaries determined she was heretic and burned her at the stake. Antonian movement did not disappear
Section 2
(50 cards)
Manchus
invaders in the ming dynasty in 1644. portrayed themselves as avengers who saved the capital from dangerous rebels. moved their own capital to Beijing. most of them were pastoral nomads. Proclaimed new dynasty in 1644-1911 --QING
Babur
"tiger" 1523-1530. founded Mughal empire. did not fight on behalf of islam. wanted to transform his inheritance into an extravagant asian empire. unable to do so, he looked to india and took New Delhi in 1526.
Fulani
africans who observed strict islam. from about 1680 to 1800s, led military campaigns to impose their brand of islam in west Africa. laid foundation for new rounds of islamic state building. concerned about purity of islam
Civil Service Exams
exams that only 300 students could pass by earning a passing grade and then students could look for positions in the bureaucracy vs in the west imperial govt was filled with friends. knowing ideals of Confucianism was important to this exam
society of Jesus
an organization of jesuits. st Ignatius founded it in 1540. members had to complete advance education and they were effective missionaries and spread christianity around the world
Mughal Empire
1523-1707 islamic dynasty Babur Akbar Aurangzeb the construction of the Taj Mahal is representative of their splendor; with the exception of the enlightened reign of Akbar, the increasing conflict between Hindus and Muslims was another of their legacies
Hagsburgs
powerful family of Austria, extensive dynastic holdings. dominated HRE after 1438
mercantilism
political economy that sought to enrich country. dominated Western European economics. sought to achieve a favorable balance of trade that would bring gold and silver to country and maintain domestic employment. linked to capitalism--adam smith
East India Company
founded in 1600. joint stock company where private merchants advanced funds to launch these companies. successful
Süleyman the magnificent
reigned 1520-1566 in the ottoman empire. conquered Baghdad and tigris and Euphrates valleys. made ottoman a major naval power. wife was hurrem sultana
Shah Abbas
Safavid ruler. reigned 1588-1624. moved capital to Isafahan, encouraged trade and a strong military with many victories. favored Twelver Shiism.
footbinding
custom that originated in sung dynasty became popular un ming and Qing. tightly constrained and deformed feet by ships of linen. women bond their feet so small to impress men . widespread in wealthy classes and could be used as a way to move up by marraige
Timbuktu
Sunni Ali (song hay ruler) brought Timbuktu under his control. here is where an islamic unversity was built. commercial and cultural center
sainte Domingue
Haiti. where a slave revolt occurred that abolished slavery in 1793slaves declared colony independent from France and renamed it and established a self governing republic in 1804
tainos
Bahamas inhabitants also known as Arawaks. Columbus landed here on oct 12 1942. called them Indians because he thought he arrived on the spice islands
Aurangzeb
1659-1707. Mughal reached greatest extent. waged a relentless expansion. did not promote religious tolerance, demolished hindu temples, replaced them with mosques
Sufi
branch of islam. religious tensions between Sufi, shiites and sunnis flamed hostility. safi-al-din was a leader of Sufi order. mystical muslim group. emphasis on emotion and devotion.
Council of trent
1545-1563. undertook a checkup on catholic doctrines. operation to ensure catholics can still make it to heaven reaffirmed catholic principles. 1. abolished the SALE of indulgences 2. Index--prohibited certain books 3. established schools to prepare priests
Kangxi
ruled 1661-1722. Qing emperor. studied confucian ideals to promote agriculture and welfare through flood and irrigation control.. conquered land of Taiwan and constructed a vast empire
Leo X
pope who excommunicated Martin Luther in 1520 bc he thought Luther was erroneous
sternpost rudder
Chinese invention that diffused across Indian Ocean. it was made to brace the rough central water in Atlantic. connected to a handle on deck to steer
pari reis
ottoman admiral and cartographer. produced large scale maps and a book of seafaring which drew on maps from European explorers in the early 1500s
Oliver Cromwell
1599-1658 English military and political leader after Charles V. Puritan Leader
sunspots
Galileo observed sunspots through a telescope. saw sun was not a perfect celestial being and he also saw mountains on the moon. he also saw that the universe was larger than anyone though AND WE ROTATE AROUND THE SUN BISH. HELIOCENTRIC
Safavids
1501-1722. Sufi religious order in Persia. islamic dynasty Shan Ismails family who can trace their ancestry back to safia-al-din. Safavids changed religious preferences in hopes of gaining support settled on 12er Shiism shah Abbas the great--moved capital to Isfahan and encouraged trade and stregnthed military/ CENTERED ON IRAN
Hernan cortes
1519 cortes led soldiers from Veracruz to tenochititlan--aztec partial. seized xmotecuzoma II. his expedition was helped by Spanish weapons and enemies of Aztecs.
Kabuki
Japanese theater which consisted of lively skits and singing and dancing. attracted audiences in a search of entertainment
hurrem sultana
suleysman's favorite concubine turned wife. he deferred to her judgment. showed that women play a powerful role in politics. ottoman empire
Copernicus
polish astronomer who in 1543 produced "on the revolutions of the heavenly spheres" which argues that the sun was the center of the universe not earth. heliocentric!!!! did not receive a warm welcome
isfahan
shan abbas made this the centralized capital during the Safavid dynasty. sight of urban architectural develop
B dias
Portuguese explorer who in 1488 rounded circle of good hope and entered Indian Ocean. did not proceed farther bc of storms and restless crew
VOC
1602. joint stock company founded by dutch. organized commercial ventures. mariner Jan Pieterszoch Coen conquested java and his goal was for VOC to have monopoly over trade and spice production
ukiyo
"floating worlds" center of Tokugawa urban culture. It was an entertainment and pleasure quarters that offered an escape from rigid worlds
sikhs
religious groups group that combined elements of Hinduism and islam. Akbar supported this during his reign
Bourbons
who were Protestant, were the second most powerful family in France. Henry IV in 1500s. religious wars
Ihara Saikaku
1642-1693. one of japans most prolific poets that revolved around love
Nagasaki
port in Tokugawa Japan. was the main reason "dutch learning" came to Japan. trade with dutch while Japan was partiuclarly exclusive
Spanish Armada
huge flotilla consisting of 130 ships and 30,000 men to dethrone Queen Elizabeth sent by King Phillip of Spain in 1588. failed
Akbar
Babur's grandson 1556-1707. architect of Mughal empire. pursued a policy of religious tolerance to reduce tensions from islam and hindu. encouraged syncretic religion
Qianlong
reign marked the height of Qing dynasty. had a prosperous reign that he even canceled tax collection 4 times. 1736-1795
lanteen sails
sailors learned to construct ships strong to brave adverse conditions. lantern sails caught winds from side as well as from behind
Johannes Kepler
1571-1630. mathematician that demonstrated that planetary orbits are elliptical, not circualr
Triangular trade
European ships undertook voyages of 3 legs. first took horses and guns in exchange for African slaves. then took africans to caribbean and American destinations. then merchants sold slaves to plantation owners for sugar/molasses
shogun
a shhogun ruled Japan from 1100-1500. stand In for the emperor. aim was to prevent a civil war. also controlled daimyo
Francis Xavier
opened first catholic mission in Japan in 1549. converted a handful of Japanese to chritsinaity
Mehmed the conqueror
reigned 1451-1481 in the ottoman empire. captured Constantinople and declared it the capital. laid foundation of an absolute monarchy.
daimyo
Japanese for great names. powerful territorial lords who ruled Japan fro their vast landholdings. each maintained a govt, schools, and paper money. established relationships with European mariners. shoguns tried to control them by "alternate attendance"
King Luis XIV
epitome of royal absolutism. reigned 1634-1715. known s the sun king. built versialles in 1670s. provided nobility with accomdations so he could keep an eye on them
Filial Piety
practice in china where children were instructed to obey their father and emperor. Chinese family was patriarchial and authoritarian. veneration of ancestors on the dad's side was key. popular in the Qing dynasty
Yongle
Ming emperor 1403-1424. launched a series of naval experiences that went as far as Malindi. moved capital to beijing to look out for potential invaders
Section 3
(18 cards)