Section 1
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Germinal Period
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Date created
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Cards (118)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Germinal Period
Conception->Implantation Fertilized egg->Zyogote->Divides into 64-128 cells over 5 days->Blastocyst
umbilical cord
-The tube of veins that connects the placenta with the baby (at the belly button) -The umbilical cord is how the nutrients from the placenta get into the baby
Observation in lab
subjects brought into a lab to be observed in behavioral or physical response
Naturalistic experiments
-Groups are observed and recorded
Jean Piaget
Manipulative experiments
only have 1 variable that affects behavior being measured
Interview
a prepared set a questions to ask directly to a subject
Nuture
-Family: Parenting = better outcomes with children; the same parents can have different effects on children;Home environment is influences how the child interacts with others -Peers: Friendships/Lack of friendship effect socio-emotional development -Community: School, an example of community; affects their development -Economic Resources: Parents who have money can take their child out whereas those who don't can bond with their child more -Health care: Proper nutrition and physical activity are ways to manipulate the environment -Nutrition: Lack of nutrition can affect cognitive development -Physical Activity: Increase supply brain which produces cognitive benefits
Sigmund Freud
-Superego, ID, Ego: combine to create actual actions -Devil and Angel Model -ID: Not thinking about consequences -Ego: Unsure about what's wrong and right - Superego: Responsible, always does the right thing
placenta
A mass attached to the uterus and the umbilical that provides nutrients from the mother to baby
First Trimester of pregnancy
-Begins at conception and lasts until about the 9th week of pregnancy -The first stage of pregnancy, consists of germinal period and embryonic period
Bandura
Social Cognitive theory: People watch or imitate other behaviors (If a baby sees a parent being aggressive, the baby will start too)
Human development
a gradual process through which humans change from birth to adulthood
Physical development
the changes in size, body composition, chemical make-up, and height that occur as humans develop
Developmental theories
comprehensive explanations about why people act and behave the way they do and how they change over time
second trimester of pregnancy
-Begins at 13 weeks to 24 weeks, mother' body shows effects of pregnancy -Wks 13-24 -Mom acknowledges unborn baby as separate from herself -Out of "danger zone" -Morning sickness subsides -Mom has increased energy -Mom can feel baby kick -Mom experiences enlarged belly, breasts, and hips
Fine motor skills
small muscles movements (tying, writing, using scissors)
Third Trimester of Pregnancy
-Begins at 24 until 40 weeks, organs and body parts of baby are developed -Bump grows significantly -Fatigue -Abdominal aches & pains -Heartburn -Braxton Hicks -Variscose Veins & hemorrhoids -Stretch marks -Backache -Clumsiness & forgetfulness -Lack bladder control -Leaky breasts -Swelling
Continuity vs Discontinuity
Continuity: development is a gradual, continuous process Discontinuity: development occurs in distinct stage
Cognitive development
the way people change and grow in how they perceive, sense, organize, memorize, recall, reason, problem solve, and imagine
Survey
researcher prepares a list of questions to give to multiple people
Cross-sectional studies
Compare groups of various ages at the same time
zygote
the cell that results from fertilization between a sperm and an egg
Socio-emotional development
changes in the way a person's social relationships, feelings, social skills, self-esteem, gender identity, and ways of coping with situations change over time
conception
-when the female egg is fertilized by sperm
embryo
zygote->blastocyst->embryo
Nature
-Genes: part of your DNA found in every one of your body cells that is decided at conception; -Constant: cannot change during life -Can be dominant or recessive -Genetics have started to show how disorders are inherited (Down Syndrome caused by an extra chromosome 21) -Ethological Theory: Assigning traits & behaviors based on biology
Longitudinal studies
data collected over time to understand variables that cause change
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Principles of Human Development 1) Relatively Orderly 2) Gradual 3) Interrelated 4) Varies among people -genetics -environment
1) Although everyone's not the same, they develop in a similar way (rolling over, then crawling, then walking etc.) 2) Slowly develop, motor skills etc. 3) Connected to each other 4) Passed on through parents (blue eyes from dad, black hair from mom) or based on where they live (sunny weather = tan)
Cognitive theories -Jean Piaget -Lev Vygotsky -Lawrence Kohlberg
Ideas about how people process info, think, and learn throughout stages of life
blastocyst
when a fertilized egg begins dividing into cells
Nature vs Nuture
Nature: genetics determine behavior Nuture: environment, upbringing, and life experiences determine our behavior
B.F. Skinner
Operant conditioning: repetition of behaviors when reinforced (when a child misbehaves, the parents give them a punishment)
Behaviorism -Ivan Pavlov -B.F. Skinner -Bandura
People's behavior is determined by forces in the environment that are beyond their control (nurture over nature)
Gross motor skills
large muscle movements (crawling, jumping, walking)
Observation in a natural setting
a setting that is natural and normal to the subject to observe response
embryonic period
pregnancy stage that extends from conception to the ninth week of pregnancy
Ivan Pavlov
-Classical conditioning: behaviors are associated with emotional responses -Conditioned stimulus: a response associated with something that is favored -Tested dogs to learn to start salivating for food when a bell is rung and when only bell is rung, they still drool even if there's no food
Case Study
evaluates one person or situation and the response within the scenario
Pedagogy vs Andrgogy
Pedagogy: parent-directed (conventional schools) Andragogy: self-directed (Montessori schools)
Psychoanalytic theories -Sigmund Freud -Erik Erikson
-Early life experiences are important -Development happens at an unconscious level and is buried in emotions
fetus
zygote->blastocyst->embryo->fetus
Early Warning signs of Labor
-Braxton Hicks: fake contractions -Mucous plug: large amt. Of bloody mucous ("Bloody show") -Nausea -Mother's sense
Standardized test
measure responses for multiple people
Descriptive studies
Uses information that describes people and situations
Lawrence Kohlberg
Lev Vygotsky
Children develop their minds through interactions with parents, teachers, and other people
fetal period
Pregnancy stage that extends from the ninth week of pregnancy until birth at the end of the third trimester
Erik Erikson
-Life experience affects development -8 Stages
Section 2
(50 cards)
Braxton Hicks
The first mild contractions that begin labor, sometimes weeks before actual labor occurs
Fetal Monitors
Device used to track a baby's heart rate, the mother's contractions, and to alert the medical staff of any signs of distress
Suck reflex
something that touches the roof of the baby's mouth and baby begins to suck, helps baby eat
afterbirth stage
The last stage of birth, after delivery, when the placenta and umbilical cord are expelled
Oxygen deprivation
baby's flow of oxygen is somehow interrupted
Natural Childbirth
Birth procedures that focus on relaxation techniques instead of medication to deal with pain
Preterm birth
-When babies come earlier than expected -Mother's age, health, environmental toxins, multiple babies, etc. -Require special care & may face developmental challenges
caffeine effects on baby
miscarriage
Heroin effects on baby
behavioral and attention issues, withdrawal, excitability/irritability, excessive crying, disturbed sleep, slower motor development, addiction
Delivery stage
-second stage of birth where baby comes out -20min-2hrs -Contractions 90 seconds every 3-5mins -Baby drops into pelvis putting pressure on rectum -Mom pushes during contractions to help baby descend through birth canal -Baby moves forward in a 2-step, 1-step process -Once head exits vagina, body shifts sideways to easily slip-out with help of doctor
episiotomy
A surgical cut that allows the baby to pass through more easily during delivery
nicotine effects on baby
premature birth, low birth weight, birth disorders, cardiovascular disorders
Rh factors
Type of protein in red blood cells that does not match between the mother's and baby's blood type
Parental factors in baby's health
-quality of sperm affected by lifestyle, health and age -father shouldn't do drugs, alcohol, and smoke
First Stage of Labor: Transition Stage
-Mins-1 hr -Cervix dilates 8cm-->10cm -Contractions 90sec every 2 mins -Intense pressure -Mom may start shaking/shivering -Time to call-in the Dr!
First Stage of Labor: Active Labor
-4-8hrs at hospital -Water breaks -Contractions 60 seconds every 5 mins -Cervix dilates 4cm-->8cm -Baby's head drops -Fetal monitoring (Heart rate, contractions, blood-pressure) -One monitor around mother's stomach -One monitor on baby's head in uterus
Moro reflex (Startle reflex)
Baby's body tightens, fling his arms up and out and open his fists, and brings arms in like he's hugging himself due to being startled
folic acid
vitamin that promotes healthy brain and spinal cord development
Radiation, lead, mercury effects on baby
miscarriage and congenital disorders
>35 year old mothers
-Conception takes longer -Increased chances of multiples -More likely to have babies with birth defects -Genetic testing, extra ultrasounds -Increased risk of Gestational (pregnancy induced) Diabetes -Increased risk of miscarriage -More likely to deliver via cesarean section
ICP: Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy
Liver disorder interferes with the flow of bile, bile adds build-up in blood and ages placenta
Lamaze Method
Natural childbirth method that focuses on relaxation techniques, using a focal point, and an emotional coach
FAS: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
abnormal face characteristics, growth deficits, brain damage, heart and lung damage, attention and memory problems, poor coordination, difficulty with judgement and reasoning, learning disabilities
Before Pregnancy Care
-Good medical care (fertility, genetic testing, health problems) -Well-balanced diet -no alcohol, drugs, smoking -Have social and emotional support
doula
A kind of emotional coach used by some mothers during childbirth
Alcohol effects on baby
facial deformities, defective limbs, defective heart, below average intelligence, cognitive disabilities
Walking/Stepping Reflex
hold baby upright with feet on flat surface, baby lifts one foot then the other like walking
SIDS: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome ("crib death")
infant 1mo-1yr suddenly dies in their sleep, boys>girls, risks: smoking, drinking, drug use during pregnancy, poor prenatal care, prematurity, family history, mother <20 yrs old, being around tobacco smoke, overheating
Nutrition during prenancy
-Grains, fruits, veggies, protein, dairy -Prenatal vitamins (Iron, calcium, folic acid)
First stage of Labor: Early Labor
-Avg 8-10hrs at HOME -Uterine contractions 30 seconds, 10-30mins apart -Aching lower back, pelvic pressure, menstrual cramps -Cervix dilates 0cm-->4cm -Bloody show
induced labor
-When doctors use medication to initiate the birth process -more painful contractions -high possibility of C-section
STIs/STDs
Bacterial: can be cured if treated early Viral: can't be cured, only treated -Many are asyptomatic
APGAR Test
-observing baby as she adjusts to outside, quickly access if she needs medical help, 0-2 -A: Activity and Muscle Tone -P: Pulse (heart rate) -G: Grimace response (reflexes and irritability) -A: Appearance (skin color) -R: Respiration (breathing) -2= strong cry, 1: weak cry, 0: not breathing -8-10: good, 5-7: needs help breathing, 4 or less: medicines, help breathing
Breech birth
when a baby does not turn
Care during Pregnancy
-Medical care with obstetricians or Certified nurse-midwives -1st Visit: confirm pregnancy, physical exam -1x/month through month 7: genetic testing, ultrasounds -2x/month through months 8 & 9 -1x/week during month 10: ultrasounds
Bonding
emotional connection caregiver develops with baby over time
Grasp/palmar Grasp reflex
pressing a finger or object into baby's palm and baby will make a fist to grab at it
Root reflex
a gentle stroke on a newborn's cheek causes the baby to turn toward the touch with his mouth open as a way to find food
Tonic neck reflex
baby lies on his back with head turn to side and the hand on the side extends while the opposite arm bends at the elbow, prepares baby for voluntary reaching
very low birthwright
when a baby weighs less than 3.5 pounds
Teen mothers
-More likely to develop high blood pressure -More likely to experience preterm labor & deliver low birth-weight babies -Early weeks of pregnancy are imperative to development of fetus -Nutrients needed by mom are given to baby -Emotional & social support -More likely to become social & economic disadvantaged -Increase stress, decrease health
Hospital discharge checklist
-Screening test -Heel prick tests for PKU, CF, Hypothyroidism, and more -Feeding -Bathing & skin care -Dirty diaper count -Umbilical cord care -SIDS -Birth certificate -Car seat -Follow-up appt
low birthweight
when a baby weights less than 5.8 pounds
Neonates
-newborn from birth to 1 month old -covered in vernix caseosa -head is misshapen-cone -APGAR Test
Marijuana effects on baby
premature birth, low birth weight, neurological disorders, respiratory problems, slow weight gain, SIDS
cocaine effects on baby
low birth weight, shorter birth length, smaller head circumference, slower motor development and growth, excitability/irritability, neuro deficits, behavior and attention issues
Caesarian section
Surgical procedure to remove the baby from the wound
Dilation Stage
Labor stage that causes the cervix opening to widen
Babinski's reflex
a stroke on the sole of the foot causes the foot to turn in and toes to flare up
Meth effects on baby
low birth weight, higher infant mortality, neuro and cognitive deficits, behavioral and attention issues
Section 3
(18 cards)