Section 1
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Uniform Circular Motion
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Cards (273)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Uniform Circular Motion
the state where an object travels and a constant tangential velocity in a circle
Power
The rate at which work is done
Ideal (or Linear) Spring
Springs that obey Hooke's Law
Rotational Equilibrium
the state when the sum of all the torques acting on an object is zero
Pulleys
Devises that change the direction of the tension force in the cords that slide over them
Torque
the force applied to a pivot point to cause circular motion
Inelastic Collision
A collision in which kinetic energy is different after the collision
Linear Momentum
the product of mass and velocity. (Newton's words: the alteration of motion is proportional to the force impressed)
Spring Constant
The measurement of how stiff the spring is
Translational Equilibrium
the state when the sum off all the forces acting on an object is zero
unit vectors
vectors in the x or y axis that have a magnitude of 1
vector components
the vertical and horizontal vector that makes up the resultant vector
Kinematics
the study of an object's motion in terms of its displacement, velocity, and acceleration.
Elastic Collision
A collision in which kinetic energy is conserved
Work
the application of force over a distance
Static Friction
the resistance met when initially pushing and object
Dynamics
the study of why things move the way they do
Collisions
an impact between two objects
Conservative Forces
a force that does not depend on the path taken to reach a certain distance
Kinetic Energy
the amount of energy an object in motion has (defined by 1/2 mv squared)
Equilibrium position
the position at which the net force on the block is zero
action/ reaction pair
the two forces caused by a certain interaction between bodies
Energy
the measurement of change (the ability to do work)
acceleration
change in velocity over time
scalar
quantity with only magnitude
Centripetal Force
The force required for an object to stay in circular motion
Centripetal Acceleration
the acceleration vector that keeps the object moving in a circle
Impulse
the change in momentum
force
an interaction between two bodies
Mechanical Energy
the summation of the Kinetic and Potential energies
mass
the quantitative measure of its inertia. How much matter is in an object
launch angle
the angle that the initial velocity vector makes with the ground
Kinetic (Sliding) Friction
the resistance met after the object is in motion
newton
the measurement of a force (in kgm/second squared)
Watt
the unit of power. It is in joules per second
Gravitational Potential Energy
the energy stored by virtue of an object's position in a gravitational field. (defined by mgh)
Inertia
the natural resistance to changes in state of motion
Gravitational Force
The force between two objects in the universe. (always is attractive)
Potential Energy
the amount of energy an object or system has bey virtue of its position or configuration.
Friction Force
comes from electrical interactions between atoms of which the object is composed and those of which the surface is composed
Normal Force
the force perpendicular to the surface (abbreviated N)
Net Torque
The sum of all torque acting on an object
Static Equilibrium
the state when the object is at rest
Restoring Force
A force that acts in a way to return to its original state
weight
the gravitational force exerted on a mass by the Earth
Velocity
ratio of displacement to time
Free Body Diagram
the diagram of all the forces acting on an object (also known as the force diagram)
Coefficient of friction
this is mu. It has no units and represents the nature of two contacting surfaces
vector
quantity with magnitude and direction
Average speed
ratio of the total distance traveled to the time required to cover that distance
Section 2
(50 cards)
Latent Heat of Transformation
The amount of heat required to go through a phase change (can be of fusion or vaporization)
Evaporate
the process where a liquid turns into a vapor (or gas)
Deposition
the process where a vapor (or gas) turns into a solid
Heat
thermal energy that is transmitted from one body to another.
Condensate
the process where a vapor (or gas) turns into a liquid
Freezes (solidifies)
the process where a liquid turns into a solid
Specific Gravity
The ratio of density of a substance to the density of water
Avogadro's constant
This is the exact number of molecules in one mole. Is equal to 6.03 times ten to the twenty-ninth.
Coefficient of volume expansion
The proportionality constant for a specific material that allows for the expansion in three dimensions.
Atmosphere
The non-SI unit for pressure, but is equal to one at sea level.
Mole
A simplification of the number of molecules in a substance. (could have been for the mathematically challenged)
Fahrenheit
The scale of temperature where water freezes at 32 degrees and boils at 212
Melts (liquifies)
the process where a solid turns into a liquid
Absolute Temperature Scale (Kelvin)
The scale of temperature where water freezes at 273.15 and boils at 373.15. Also assigns 0 to the lowest theoretically possible temperature
Viscosity
the force of cohesion between molecules in a fluid. Is like internal friction
Coefficient of linear expansion
The proportionality constant for a specific material that allows for expansion in a line (sometimes contraction)
Gauge Pressure
The difference between total pressure and atmospheric pressure. In essence, is the pressure caused by the substance itself.
Period
the time for one cycle
Flow Rate
the volume of fluid that passes a particular point per unit time
Pressure
the force distributed over area
Buoyant Force
The force caused by the difference in pressure from the top to the bottom. Archimedes' Principle proves this
Solid, Liquid, Gas (Vapor)
The three states of matter
Cycle
a round-trip from a position back to the same position
Hertz (Hz)
The unit for one cycle per second
Turbulent
a condition that results from the rapid swirling of a streamline into whirlpools. The flow is unpredictable.
Thermal Energy
the random motion of a substance's molecules are a measurement of this
Fluids
substances that can flow. Can be a gas or a liquid
Triple Point
The point at which the solid, liquid, and vapor states are possible (in temperature)
Universal Gas Constant
This is equal to 8.31 Joules per mole Kelvin
Isochoric
A change in a gas that changes everything but volume
Elastic Potential Energy
The potential energy that a spring contains
Molar Mass
The amount of mass in one mole of a substance
Root-Mean-Square Speed
This is the average velocity of the gas molecules in a vapor. Found by squaring, averaging, and then Square rooting the velocities of the gas molecules.
Liter
The measurement of volume that is equal to 10 to the negative third cubic meters
Frequency
the amount of cycles per time (normally in seconds)
Laminar (streamline)
A condition that results from the individual streamlines don't curl up into vortices but are steady and smooth. (as an adjective)
Temperature
the measure of the concentration of an object's internal thermal energy
Celsius (Centigrade)
The scale of temperature where water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 100
Sublimation
the process where a solid tuns into a vapor (or gas)
Specific Heat
An intrinsic property of the substance that dictates its ability to transfer thermal energy
cyclical process
A process that begins and ends in the same state (of a gas)
Pascal
The SI unit for pressure, units are Newtons per square meter
P-V Diagram
The graph of pressure versus volume in a gas.
State of a gas
The exact pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas
Thermodynamics
The study of the energy transfers involving work and heat, and the resulting changes in internal energy, temperature, volume, and pressure
Internal energy
A fundamental property of a gas that describes its behavior
STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure)
The condition where temperature is 0 degrees Celsius and 1 atmosphere
Simple Pendulum
a system that consists of a weight attached to a string or a mass-less rod that swings, without friction, about the vertical equilibrium position.
Streamline
A line in the fluid that has a current passing through it. (as a noun)
Hydrostatic Pressure
The pressure caused by a standing liquid
Section 3
(50 cards)
Absolute Zero
The theoretically temperature that all particle motion stops
Ohm
The measurement of resistance. It is measured in volts per amp.
Volt
The unit that describes Electrical Potential. Units are Joules per coulomb
Internal Resistance
The intrinsic amount of resistance in a material used to move current
Voltmeter
The device used to measure the voltage between two points in a circuit
Conductors
Materials that permit the flow of excess charge
Capacitor
This is created by two conductors separated by some distance that carry equal and opposite charge
Resistance
The stemming of the flow of charge. Is related to potential and current through Ohm's Law.
Grounded
The condition of a circuit where the wire connects to a ground
Permittivity of free space
The fundamental constant that describes permittivity of a vacuum
Charged
The state of electricity when there is an imbalance of protons and electrons
Resistors
Devices that apply resistance to a circuit to manage current
Direct Current
A circuit where all the current is moving in one direction
Equipotential Surfaces
Surfaces of constant potential
Electrical Potential Energy
The amount of energy of a charged particle in an electric field solely dependent on the particle's position
Drift Speed
the speed of the electrons that have to go through the sea of atoms in a wire. This is relatively slow compared to the speed of the electric field that travels through the wire
Average Current
the amount of charge that crosses an imaginary plane in a certain time interval
Semiconductors
Materials that are less conductive than metals but not insulators
Thermal Efficiency
Equal to the ratio of work in to work out in a heat engine
Insulators
Materials that deny the flow of charge, they hold their electrons closely
Circuit
A system of current carrying wires connected to a voltage source in a closed pathway
Ampere
The SI unit for charge, is in Coulombs per second
Parallel
The circuit type where one resistor is connected side by side
Resistivity
The intrinsic property that produces resistance in a material
Gravitational Field
the field of attractive force caused by gravity near a large mass
Electrical Charge
This causes the attraction or repulsion in electricity
Superposition
The addition of vectors in a system (need to consider angles as well
Farad
The unit for measuring capacitance. Units are coulombs per volt
Electric force
The force of attraction or repulsion created by two charged substances
Series
The circuit type where one resistor is connected one after another
Coulombs
The SI unit for Charge
isotherm
No variation of temperature takes place during this process, essentially ∆U is the same
Electric Filed
The field of attractive or repulsive force caused by charge in a mass
Ammeter
The device used to measure current of a circuit
Terminal Voltage
The effective voltage provided by the battery to the rest of the circuit
Electric Dipole
The relation of two opposite and equal charges
Adiabatic
The change in a gas when Q is equal to 0
Electrical Current
The ordered motion of charge through a conductor
Electric Field Vector
This vector represents the strength of the electric force at a point.
Electric Potential
The electric potential energy per unit charge
Positive
The terminal with higher potential
Parallel-plate Capacitors
A type of capacitor that is described by two metal plates in parallel
Negative
The terminal with lower potential
Elementary Charge
The magnitude of charge on an electron or proton
Capacitance
The measurement of the capacity for holding charge.
Ionization
the removal or addition of charged objects to form an ion
Superconductor
Materials the offer absolutely no resistance to the flow of charge, a perfect conductor of charge
Electromotive Force (EMF)
The potential different between the poles of the voltage source. Isn't really a force, it is the work done per unit charge, measured in Volts.
Quantized
This is how we describe charge, it is because we can only add or subtract charge in increments of e
Carnot Engine
A heat engine that uses the Carnot cycle to have maximized efficiency
Section 4
(50 cards)
Compressions
The points in a longitudinal wave where the molecules are bunched together, pressure above normal.
Beat
When two sound waves interfere constructively, this is produced
Fundamental Frequency
The frequency of a standing wave in a certain medium that has a harmonic number of 1
Overtone
The harmonics above the first harmonic in a simple instrument
Constructive Interference
The type of interference where the wave displacement is made greater as a result of the difference
Visible Light
The electromagnetic wave that goes from the frequencies of 10 to the 14th to a little below 10 to the 15th
Weber (Wb)
The SI unit for magnetic Flux, units are Tesla meter squared or Newton meter per ampere.
Angular wave number
This is defined by multiplying 2 pi times the wave number
Troughs
The maximum vertical displacement of the wave below the horizontal
South Pole
The place where the field lines in a magnetic field flow to
Propagates
Basically, what the wave does, but it signifies the direction of the wave
Transverse
The wave in which the wave oscillates perpendicular o the direction in which the wave propagates
Wavelength
The length of one wave, goes between two troughs or two crests
Amplitude
The maximum vertical displacement from the horizontal
Longitudinal Waves
The type of waves that have compressions and rarefactions, not nodes and anti-nodes
Magnetic Fields
The field that causes a magnetic force (can be created by a magnet or current through a wire)
Infrared
The electromagnetic wave that goes from between the frequencies of 10 to the 11th and 10 to the 12th to 10 to the 14th
Mechanical Wave
A disturbance transmitted by a medium from one point to another without the medium itself being transported
Crests
The maximum vertical displacement of the wave above the horizontal
Loudness level
Is dependent on the intensity of the wave, is a way to describe the decibels of the sound.
Ground
The place where potential is considered to be zero
Electromagnetic Spectrum (EM Spectrum)
The continuum that includes radiowaves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, y-rays (gamma rays).
Bulk Modulus
The measurement of the medium's response to compression.
Tesla (T)
The SI unit for magnetic field. Units are Newton per ampere-meter
Beat Frequency
The difference between the frequencies of the two combining sound waves that make a beat.
Standing Wave
The wave where the crests or troughs don't move anymore and the oscillation continues
Wave Number (Propagation constant, K)
The number of wavelengths per unit distance
Out of Phase
When the two waves meet, they are described as this when the crest of one wave meets the trough of another (or slightly off, but it is exactly out of phase if the crest hits the trough)
Doppler Effect
The shift in frequency and wavelength that occurs when the source and detector are in relative motion.
Superposition
The sum of the displacements of two or more waves where they meet and interfere with each other
Traveling Wave
a wave in which the medium moves in the direction of propagation of the wave
Anti-nodes
The points in a standing wave where there is maximum amplitude
Harmonic Number
the number that describes the degree of the harmonic waves. For frequencies, this is directly proportional and for wavelengths, inversely proportional
North Pole
The place where the field lines in a magnetic field flow from
Ultraviolet
The electromagnetic wave that goes from a little below the frequency of 10 to the 15th to a little above 10 to the 16th
Destructive Interference
The type of interference where the wave displacement is made smaller as a result of the difference
Motional emf
The electromotive force created by sliding a rod through a magnetic field, thereby changing the area of the circuit
Interfere
In Waves, this is where the waves overlap and react to one another
Rarefactions
The points in a longitudinal wave where the molecules are farther apart, pressure below normal.
Decibels
The non-SI unit of sound intensity. Is abbreviated dB
Nodes
The points in a standing wave where there is zero amplitude
Magnetic Flux
The product of Area times the magnetic field, measured in Webers.
In Phase
When the two waves meet, they are described as this when the crest of one wave matches the crest of another (or trough etc. same point)
Harmonic Waves (or Resonant Waves)
The frequency of a wave that produces a node (or anti-node if using instruments) on each end of the wave
Red-shifted
When the wavelength for light shifts higher, astronomers describe the shift as this.
Gauss (G)
A unit for magnetic field, non-SI. Equals 10 to the negative fourth Teslas
Angular frequency
This is defined by multiplying 2 pi times the frequency
Radiowaves
The electromagnetic wave that goes to the frequency of 10 to the 9th
Intensity
The energy transmitted by sound, is in W/ m squared and is solely dependent on the wave's amplitude.
Microwaves
The electromagnetic wave that goes from the frequency of 10 to the 9th to 10 to halfway between 10 to the 11th and 10 to the 12th.
Section 5
(50 cards)
Coherent
The description where two interfering waves keep the same phase difference over time, not varying.
Mirror
An optical device that forms an image by reflecting light
Index of Refraction
The number that relates the speed of light in air versus the speed of light in the material.
X-Rays
The electromagnetic wave that goes from a little above the frequency of 10 to the 16th to halfway between 10 to the 19th and 10 to the 20th.
Dispersion
The effect caused when light strikes a surface and refracts according to each component's index of refraction (most visible in a prism with visible light).
Spherical Mirror
A mirror that is curved in such a way that its surface forms part of a phere
Threshold frequency
The smallest amount of frequency that is required to release electrons from a certain metal
Ground-State Energy
The smallest amount of energy an electron in a specific orbit can have. Is specific to the atom
Real Focus
The focal point on the opposite side of a lens. It is opposite the incident light rays.
Energy Level
The n in the quantum mechanics. This is another way to describe the orbit level of the electron since those orbits contain a certain amount of energy
Optical Center
The central point within the lens where the axis intersects the lens.
Central Maximum
The bright fringe directly opposite to the midpoint between the slits in a diffraction setting.
Total Internal Reflection (TIR)
This happens when the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle
Virtual Focus
The focus on the same side as the incident light rays in a lens. The focus on the same side of the lens
Quanta
The bundle of electromagnetic energy that is absorbed or emitted by matter
Diverging Lens
This type of lens has both sides going farther away from each other near the ends. It is normally bi-concave, but only one side needs to be concave (the other must be planar then)
Photon
The quantum of electromagnetic energy
Diffraction
The effect caused when a wave passes through a barrier with a comparable width to its wavelength. Forms a fan-out pattern.
Axis
This is the line where the mirror is symmetrical over
Convex Mirror
This is a mirror with the reflective side curving away from the viewer
Paraxial Rays
The incident light rays that strike close to the mirrors axis. These light rays act almost the same in spherical and parabolic mirrors.
Fringes
The bands of dark and light in a diffraction pattern that are visible.
Electronvolt (eV)
This is a small amount of energy, it is equal to 1.6 x 10 to the negative 19th Joules. It is equal to the energy gained or lost by an electron accelerated through a potential difference of one volt
Angle of Reflection
The angle that the reflected beam makes with the normal
Incident bream
The beam of light that strikes a surface and will be reflected or refracted.
Critical Angle
The angle of incidence where the angle of refraction equals 90 degrees
Vertex
The intersection point where the axis intersects with the mirror itself
Center of Curvature
The center of the imaginary sphere that forms the mirror
Photoelectrons
The released electrons that are emitted because of the Photoelectric effect.
Photoelectric Effect
The effect that a stream of photons produces. Basically light can behave like a wave or a particle (This effect is caused by the particle behavior)
Work Function
The amount of energy required to release an electron from a certain metal. This changes with each material
Reflected Beam
The beam of light that is reflected off of a surface from the incident beam
Ray Tracing
The geometric approach of finding the image in a Ray Diagram
Converging Lens
This type of lens has both sides approaching each other near the ends. It is a bi-convex lens, commonly, but only one side needs to be convex (the other must be planar then)
Real Image
An image that can be projected onto the screen. The image that is in the expected position (on a ray diagram)
Virtual Image
An image that cannot be projected onto the screen. The image that is in the opposite position (on a ray diagram)
Radius of Curvature
The radius of the imaginary sphere of a spherical mirror, it goes from a point to the center of curvature
Diopters (D)
This is the measurement of the power of a lens. Measured in 10 to the negative first meters
Excited
The process where an electron goes to a higher orbit, one with a greater radius. Essentially, it gets ______
Ionizing
When the atom loses or gains electrons, it goes through this process to become an ion.
Focal Length
The distance between the vertex and the focal point
Atomic Spectra
The component wavelengths of the light given off from a glowing gas
Refract
The bending of light towards or away from the normal when passing through a surface
Gamma Rays (y-Rays)
The electromagnetic wave that goes from between the frequencies of 10 to the 19th and 10 to the 20th and upwards
Focal Point (Focus)
The point halfway between the mirror and the center of curvature
Power of a Lens
Defined as one over focal length
Angle of incidence
The angle formed between the incident beam and the normal
Planck's Constant
This photoelectric constant is equal to 6.63 Joules per second. It is the proportionality constant between the energy of the electromagnetic wave and the frequency of it.
Concave Mirror
This is a mirror with the reflective side is caved in toward the the viewer
Diffraction gratings
Barriers that contain thousands of tiny slits per centimeter and it makes the pattern sharper.
Section 6
(23 cards)