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AP Biology- Macromolecules

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Section 1

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active transport

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Biology Science

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Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (49)

Section 1

(49 cards)

active transport

Front

movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration in the direction against some gradient

Back

passive transport

Front

movement of biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input

Back

hydrophobic interaction

Front

tertiary structure; weak chemical bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water change to exclude the water

Back

surface tension

Front

measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

Back

starch

Front

storage polysaccharide found in plants

Back

dehydration synthesis

Front

condensation; joining compounds together with water released

Back

cellulose

Front

structural polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls

Back

glycosodic linkage

Front

covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration synthesis reaction

Back

pyramidine

Front

cytosine, thymine, and uracil; six-membered ring

Back

purine

Front

adenine and guanine; six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring

Back

primary structure

Front

linear sequence of amino acids; peptide bonds

Back

endocytosis

Front

form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) into the cell (endo- + cytosis) by engulfing them in an energy-using process.

Back

phosphate

Front

phosphorous bonded to four oxygens, two have negative charges, one is bonded to the carbon skeleton; phospholipid

Back

surface area

Front

The measurement of the outer surface of an object.

Back

nucleotide

Front

building block of a nucleic acid; five carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogen base and a phosphate group

Back

polysaccharide

Front

polymers of carbohydrates

Back

water potential

Front

The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure.

Back

volume

Front

Amount of space occupied by an object

Back

beta pleated sheet

Front

secondary structure form of a protein; spider webs and silk

Back

monosaccharide

Front

C6H12O6 simple sugar; glucose, galactose, and fructose

Back

functional group

Front

components of organic molecules most often involved in chemical reactions

Back

amine

Front

nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens and to the carbon skeleton

Back

peptide bond

Front

bond creating amino acid chains or polymers

Back

saturated fat

Front

fat without double bonds

Back

sulfhydryl

Front

sulfur bonded to hydrogen in roughly the shape of a hydroxyl; cysteine

Back

carboxyl

Front

oxygen double bonded to a carbon atom that is bonded to a hydroxyl group

Back

compartmentalization

Front

membrane enclosed regions that allow a eukaryotic cell to increase surface area and have specialized regions for chemical reactions.

Back

adhesion

Front

attraction between different kinds of molecules

Back

hydrocarbon

Front

organic molecule consisting of only hydrogen and carbon

Back

unsaturated fat

Front

fat with double bonds

Back

metabolism

Front

sum of all chemical reactions that take place in cell

Back

quaternary structure

Front

protein with more than one polypeptide chain

Back

alpha helix

Front

secondary structure form of a protein; human hair (keratin)

Back

polar

Front

electrons shared unequally

Back

exocytosis

Front

a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.

Back

disaccharide

Front

two monosaccharides joined together; C12H22O1; maltose, lactose, and sucrose

Back

fatty acid

Front

hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end; majority portion in lipids

Back

evaporative cooling / heat of vaporization

Front

property of a liquid where the surface becomes cooler during evaporation due to the loss of molecules

Back

nonpolar

Front

electrons shared equally

Back

tertiary structure

Front

3D conformation formed; determines specificity

Back

osmosis

Front

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Back

hydrolysis

Front

breakdown of a compound by adding water

Back

secondary structure

Front

protein formed with hydrogen bonds

Back

monomer

Front

building block for polymers; only made by producers

Back

hydroxyl

Front

hydrogen bonded to oxygen bonded to an organic molecule's carbon skeleton; alcohol; polar

Back

polymer

Front

long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together

Back

macromolecule

Front

giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules

Back

disulfide bridge

Front

tertiary structure; strong covalent bond formed when one sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another

Back

cohesion

Front

capacity to resist tension to rupture

Back