Section 1
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For what new line of computers was PL/I designed?
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Cards (121)
Section 1
(50 cards)
For what new line of computers was PL/I designed?
IBM system/360
What is exception handling?
process of responding to an exception during computation
What features of SIMULA 67 are now important parts of some object-oriented languages?
data abstraction (encapsulation?)
What control flow statements were added to Fortran IV to get Fortran 77?
logical loops control statements (if and else)
What language was the first to support the three fundamental features of object oriented programming?
small talk these features are encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism
What programming language has dominated scientific computing over the past 60 years?
FORTRAN
Chapter 2
good luck
orthogonality
simplicity
Why was the slowness of interpretation of programs acceptable in the early 1950s?
Because of the lack of floating point hardware Floating-point arithmetic operations were done in software
What are the three general methods of implementing a programming language?
compilation ( a compiler transfers one language to another ), pure interpretation ( execute instructions directly) , and hybrid interpretation ( a combination of the 2 )
Why were linguists interested in artificial intelligence in the late 1950s?
natural lanu
On what programming language was COBOL based?
FLOW-MATIC
How is the cost of compilers for a given language related to the design of the language?
Which version of Fortran was the first to have any sort of dynamic variables?
What two professional organizations together designed ALGOL 60?
What have been the strongest influences on programming language design over the past 60 years?
machine architecture usability
In what year did the COBOL design rpocess begin?
1959
What was the source of all of the control flow swtatements of Fotran I?
704 instructions
What two programming language definciencies were discovered as a result of the research in software devlopment in the 1970s?
type checking control statements
What data structure that appeared in COBOL originated with Plankalkul?
heirachal data structures (records)
Which version of Fortran was the first to have character string handling?
Fortran 77
Where was Lisp developed? By whom?
John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky at MIT
What was the primary application area of computers at the time Fortran was designed?
scientific
What is aliasing?
Aliasing is having more than one reference variable that refer to the same object (for example, r and q in the previous question.)
In what year was Plankalkul designed? In what year was that design published?
1948 was published 1942-1945 designed?
What does a linker do?
Connects together compiled object files into a single program.
Whic produces faster program ececutation, a compiler or a pure interpreter?
compiler
What are the three fundamental feartures of an object- oriented programming language?
data abstraction, inheritance, and dynamic method binding ( polymorphism )
What does it mean for a program to be reliable?
should return specific output based on any input. Performs correctly under all circumstantions.
Why is the von Neumann bottleneck important?
It is an important problem concerning computer architecture. Processing speed is limited by the data transfer rate in computers. Only so much data at a time is able to be passed at a time.
Why is type checking the parameters of a subprogram important?
So operations are't done unexpectedly on incompatible types
What role does the symbol table play in a compile?
It holds details and resources associated with the program
What language was designed to describe the syntax of ALHOL?
Backus naur form BNF
What are the advantages in implementing a language with a pure interpreter?
Debugging operations can be more descriptive
What missing language element of Algol 60 damaged its chances for widespread use?
lack of input and output statements with formating
In what version of AlGOL did block structure appear?
ALGOL 60
PL/I was designed to replace what two languages?
COBOL and FORTRAN
In what year was the Fortran design project begun?
May 1954
How were the psuedocodes of the early 1950s implemented?
through machine code
What user group was the target of the first version of Basic?
Liberal Arts Students
What hardware capability that first appeared in the IBM 704 computer strongly affected the evolution of programming languages? Explain why.
Speed coding was invented to overcome two significant shrotcomings of the computer hardware of the early 1950s. What were they?
No index registers No floating-point hardware
What organization was most responsible for early success of COBOL (in terms of extent of use)?
DoD (Pentagon0
What two common data structures were cinluded in Plankalkul
arrays and records
Why is readability important to writability?
you write what you read and read what you write.
In what way are Scheme and Common Lisp opposites of each other?
Common LISP allows for static scoping and dynamic scoping Scheme only uses static scoping. Scheme is relatively small while common LISP is large and complex
What is the name of the category of programming languages whose structure is dictacted by the von development in the 1970s
imperative
Why was Basic an important language in the eaerly 1980s?
small memory usage it was easy to use
What dialect of Lisp is used for introductory programming courses at some universities?
Scheme
What is an example of two language design criteria that are in direct conflict with each other?
readability and writability
Section 2
(50 cards)
What is an abstract class?
What are the concurrent program units of Ada called?
tasks
What is multiple inheritance?
What is an overriding method?
Chapter 3 / 12
What innovation of data structuring was introduced in ALGOL 68 but is often credited to Pascal?
User defined data types
Describe a situation where dynamic binding is a great advantage over static binding.
What is a nonprocedural language?
You specify what you want but not how to get it.' SQL
For what application area is JavaScript most iwdely used?
Web services
Why doe c++ include the features of C that are known to be unsafe?
C++ was more about building on top of than reconstructing.
What definciencyof the swithc statement of C is addressed with the changes maed by C# to that statement?
What operators in C were modeled on similar operators in ALGOL68?
for and switch statements, in its assigning operators, and in its treatment of pointer
What do the Ada and COBOL languages have in common?
Both popularized by DoD
What characteristic does Ruby share with Smaltalk?
Object oriented languages
What data structures are built ito Lua?
tables
What data structure does Python use in oplace of arrays?
lists
What populates the smalltalk world?
objects
What languages introduced the case statement?
Algol-W
What is a polymorphic variable?
What Ada construct provides support for abstract data types?
packages
What is the primary application for Objective-C?
Mac OS X and iOS
What is the message protocol of an object?
What is the output of an XSLT processor?
PHP's primary data structure is a combination of what two data structures from other languages?
PHP's arrays are a combination of JAvaScript's arrays and Perl's hashes
What characteristic of Ruby's arithmetic operators makes them unique among those of other languages?
All operations are done via method calls
What are the inputs to an XSLT procesor?
Where are servlets executed?
web server
What is the primary application area for which Ada was designed?
embedded systems
What three concepts are hte basic for objectt-oriented programming?
Encapsulation Inheritance Polymorphism
What characteristic of JAva is most evident in Javascript.
Syntax
To what is a JSP document conveted by a JSP processor?
What is the difference between a class variable and an instance variable?
What is a nesting clas?
What two languages was the original version of Perl meant to replace?
Cobol and Fortran IV
From where are Smalltalk objects allocated?
What is the primary platform on which C# is used?
What design criterion was used extensively in ALGOL 68?
orthogonality
What are two characteristics of C that make it less safe than PAscal?
Incomplete type checking flexibility
What is an avbstract method?
What array structure is included in C# but not in C. C++, or Java?
non zero bound array. index can start < 0
Is Lua normally compiled, purely interpreted, orimpurely interpreted?
purely interpreted
What is the relationship between JavaScript and PHP in terms of their use?
Used for webservices
What was the first application for Java?
Sun Microsystems
Describe briefly the seven design issues used in this chapter for object oriented languages
What are the two kinds of statements that populate a Prolog database?
facts and rules
How does the typing system of PHP and JavaScript differ from that of Java?
PHP and Javascript are dynamic typing
Describe the three characteristic features of object oriented languages?
What is a virtual method?
From what language does Objective-C borrow its syntax for method calls?
smalltalk
What element of the JSTL is related to a subprogram?
Section 3
(21 cards)